Residual Confounding and Bias

The gap

Consensus across the literature

Supporting evidence — 6 representative gaps

• <b>Accuracy and Clinical Pitfalls of Cone-Beam CT for Planning Zygomatic Implant Placement: A Systematic Review</b> (2026) · doi

  The possibility of publication bias cannot be entirely excluded, as studies with negative or inconclusive findings may be less likely to be published.

  Keywords: possibility publication bias cannot entirely excluded negative inconclusive less likely published
• Association between continuous low-dose norepinephrine infusion and intraoperative hypotension burden in patients aged 80 years and older undergoing total hip arthroplasty: a retrospective cohort study (2026) · doi

  Propensity score matching was not feasible in this retrospective study; therefore residual confounding and selection bias cannot be completely excluded.

  Keywords: propensity score matching feasible retrospective residual confounding selection bias cannot completely excluded
• The effect of phosphatidylserine on behavioral problems in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (2026) · doi

  Residual confounding from baseline internalizing score differences between groups cannot be entirely excluded and should be considered when interpreting between-group differences.

  Keywords: differences residual confounding baseline internalizing score groups cannot entirely excluded considered interpreting group
• Effectiveness of a flipped classroom combined with case-based learning in the clinical training of pediatric interns: a randomized controlled study (2026) · doi

  Potential influences from the Hawthorne effect or instructor expectancy bias cannot be entirely excluded.

  Keywords: potential influences hawthorne effect instructor expectancy bias cannot entirely excluded
• Interaction between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and mean platelet volume for 1-year major adverse cardiovascular events in stable coronary artery disease (2026) · doi

  As an observational study, the potential for selection bias and residual confounding cannot be entirely excluded.

  Keywords: observational potential selection bias residual confounding cannot entirely excluded
• Using machine learning algorithms to predict MACE in peritoneal dialysis patients (2026) · doi

  Retrospective underdiagnosis of hypertension cannot be entirely excluded as a potential source of bias.

  Keywords: retrospective underdiagnosis hypertension cannot entirely excluded potential source bias