Retrospective Bias

The gap

Consensus across the literature

Supporting evidence — 5 representative gaps

• Case Report: Hypereosinophilic syndrome misdiagnosed as atopic dermatitis due to refractory pruritic rash masking peripheral neuropathy (2026) · doi

  Structured neurological outcome measures were not prospectively applied, and pruritus severity was retrospectively quantified, which may introduce recall bias.

  Keywords: structured neurological outcome measures prospectively applied pruritus severity retrospectively quantified introduce recall bias
• A deep learning model based on multiphase DCE-MRI for preoperative prediction of Ki-67 expression in breast cancer (2026) · doi

  The study was conducted retrospectively at a single institution. The use of historical data may introduce selection bias, and future efforts should involve prospective, multi-center validation.

  Keywords: conducted retrospectively single institution historical introduce selection bias future efforts involve prospective multi center validation
• AI-assisted 3D preoperative planning in primary total hip arthroplasty for secondary hip osteoarthritis: etiology-specific perioperative burden and early recovery in DDH versus post-septic sequelae (2026) · doi

  The long inclusion period may introduce temporal bias, and no formal early-versus-late comparison was performed to quantify potential learning-curve effects.

  Keywords: long inclusion period introduce temporal bias formal early versus late comparison performed quantify potential learning
• Global insights into pediatric ischemic stroke: a bibliometric and visualization analysis (2026) · doi

  The bibliometric analysis relied on software-based algorithms, which may introduce certain biases in clustering and visualization.

  Keywords: bibliometric relied software based algorithms introduce certain biases clustering visualization
• Comparative evaluation of bipolar versus monopolar energy platforms in G-POEM for gastroparesis: technical performance, learning curves, and clinical outcomes (2026) · doi

  This was a retrospective, single-center study, which may limit the generalizability of findings and introduce potential selection bias.

  Keywords: retrospective single center limit generalizability introduce potential selection bias