stability synthesis state metal temperature

The gap

Supporting evidence — 8 representative gaps

• Main Group Chemistry (2025) · doi

  Organometallic compounds capable of E─C bond homolysis are of great interest to chemists due to their applications in polymer chemistry, organic synthesis, and catalysis. Most beneficial are photoinitiators, which can be activated by visible light and are based on earth-abundant metals such as light main group elements, e.g., aluminum or silicon. This represents a conflict as the E─C homolysis of traditional organometallics of light main group elements requires harsh UV irradiation due to the lack of a chromophore and strong E─C bonds. The presence of redox NILs allowed for homolysis of the E─C bond within multiple compounds Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202507060 (10 of 14) © 2025 The Author(s). Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH GmbH 15213773, 2025, 32, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202507060 by Kirikkale University, Wiley Online Library on [12/03/2026]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons LicenseMinireview with wavelengths in the visible-light range. What appears to be a general concept is that the bond dissociation energy of the E─C bond is lowered because the radical homolysis product {E•} is thermodynamically stabilized by electron density delocalization. In other words, the NIL acts as a photooxidant, which absorbs light in the visible-light range and is reduced by single-electron transfer from the E─C bond. Immediate potential of visible-light photolysis lays in the utilization of main group compounds as radical sources in radical polymerizations or in homogeneous catalysis. The necessity of stochiometric amounts of complex displays a drawback compared to fields like photoredox catalysis, but otherwise the intramolecular nature of the relevant photophysical process avoids the need for long excited state lifetimes to achieve efficient photoreactivity. If the main group fragment can be incorporated into catalytic cycles after homolysis, transition-metal like catalysis becomes realistic and the synthetic potential of the title concept seems unlimited. Still, there is a large mismatch between the interest in E─C bond homolysis for applications and the under- standing of why and how fast the radical formation occurs. Comprehensive understanding of the connection between molecular structure and photolysis tendencies is not yet established and photoreaction quantum yields still have to be determined experimentally. Apparently, large contributions of the E─C bond to the frontier orbitals are a key factor for successful photolysis, and one accessible excited state has to show charge transfer character, decreasing the electron density within the E─C bond. Currently, there are too few systems accurately mechanistically investigated to ascertain this concept. We want to emphasize that working towards structure–photoreactivity correlations is challenging but will be highly beneficial for the implementation of E─C photolysis in various scientific areas. For this purpose, future studies should probe excited state dynamics by diverse photophysical methods including transient spectroscopy, electrochemical, and state-of-the-art computational methods[198] to unravel the full potential of this exciting field of chemistry.

  Keywords: bond light homolysis wiley catalysis visible main group radical photolysis state compounds concept electron potential
• Towards a sustainable tomorrow: advancing green practices in organic chemistry (2024) · doi

  Sustainability in organic synthesis has emerged as a pivotal challenge for the chemistry community, driven by increasing global awareness and a concerted effort to reduce waste generation.10,38,39,207,333 The past decade has witnessed signifi- cant strides in integrating green chemistry principles, encom- passing strategies such as enhancing atom economy, devising alternative synthetic routes for feedstocks, promoting sustain- able biocatalysis, utilizing eco-friendly solvents—preferably water—designing safer chemicals, and prioritizing waste man- on recyclability.10,17,21,23,333,334 agement with a Additionally, the burgeoning field of nanotechnology holds promise for chemistry, mainly through utilizing novel NPs catalysis, which can offer enhanced efficiency and selectivity compared to traditional methodologies.212,266 Leveraging active metals in aqueous micellar conditions presents a viable option;321 however, chal- lenges such as low reactivity and selectivity, particularly with non-precious metals, must be addressed.228 Advancements towards achieving catalysis at the parts per million level using precious metals like Pd in aqueous media represent significant strides toward sustainability.259,262,264,265,269,335 revolutionizing synthetic focus The integration of organometallic catalysts with designer surfactants has yielded promising outcomes in micellar catalysis,137,138,185 with further potential seen in extending micellar catalysis with nanocatalysis to address environmental concerns.169 Notably, the recyclability of catalysts and reaction media, alongside the enhanced stability of NPs within the micellar core, presents exciting prospects for reducing toxic- organic waste and unlocking unique reactivities unattainable in organic solvents.135,184,267 However, it’s imperative to con- sider potential risks associated with metal contamination of water in aqueous chemistry, as well as the toxicity of designer surfactants.162,336 Careful attention to surfactant molecules’ in their biodegradability and toxicity profiles is essential design. Notably, some of the commercially available surfac- tants, like alkyl benzene sulfonate-based anionic surfactants, quaternary ammonium ethoxylated, and alcohol ethoxylates, cause harmful effects on aquatic/terrestrial ecosystems.162,337 Also, PEG ethers are suspected to impact skin toxicity signifi- cantly.338 Therefore, while designing a surfactant molecule, its biodegradability and toxicity should be carefully considered. The Lipshutz group has tackled the problem of toxicity caused by PEG ethers by creating a surfactant known as Savie,183 which is based on polysarcosine and vitamin E. However, any further modifications to this surfactant must maintain its necessary benign properties while addressing its toxicity con- cerns to avoid potential toxicological issues. Notably, due to the high solubility profile, toxic contaminants or organic pollu- tants are highly soluble in micellar solutions resulting in the professionally.339 need tackle wastewater activities to 6308 | Green Chem., 2024, 26, 6289–6317 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2024 Published on 03 May 2024. Downloaded by Kirikkale University on 3/11/2026 12:40:39 PM. View Article OnlineGreen Chemistry

  Keywords: chemistry toxicity micellar organic catalysis surfactant waste green metals aqueous surfactants potential notably sustainability signifi
• An Overview of Modification Strategies for Ternary Cathode Materials in Lithium-Ion Batteries (2026) · doi

  This paper has made a systematic review on the latest progress in the preparation of high-nickel layered oxide (NCM) cathode materials and the strategies to optimize their performance. The sol– gel method applies a new reaction mechanism based on esterification. It makes metal ions distribute evenly at the atomic scale, and this effectively improves the structural consistency and lattice integrity of the materials. At the same time, this method greatly simplifies the complex chelation and pH regulation steps in traditional preparation processes. It also shows a good scalability in the experiments carried out at the laboratory level. The coprecipitation method uses stepwise synthesis strategies, new types of precipitating agents and innovative reactor designs. It can control the morphology and composition of precursors in a highly precise way. The materials made by this 27 Proceedings of CONF-MSS 2026 Symposium: Advanced Composite Materials and Polymer Chemistry DOI: 10.54254/2755-2721/2026.AD32213 method have high purity, high tap density and excellent cycling stability. So this approach is especially suitable for the controllable synthesis and engineering-scale production of high-nickel NCM systems. Hydrothermal synthesis, by contrast, makes crystals grow at a relatively low temperature. It avoids the happening of high-temperature phase transitions and the formation of impurities. This method can produce NCM materials with clear layered structures and high crystallinity. What's more, the flexible choice of solvent systems can further control the product's morphology and electrochemical behavior in an effective way. Though, as the nickel content in NCM materials increases—especially in high-nickel systems where nickel accounts for more than 80%—their practical application still faces a series of serious challenges. These challenges basically come from the intrinsic structural instability of the materials during the process of electrochemical cycling. Under high-voltage working conditions, deep delithiation easily causes the loss of lattice oxygen and harmful phase transformations. This loss and transformation will lead to a continuous drop in voltage. Lithium ions are inserted into and extracted from the materials repeatedly, which generates anisotropic lattice strain. The strain makes stress build up at the internal defects inside the particles, triggering the formation of microcracks and speeding up the degradation of material performance. At the same time, the more intense side reactions between the highly reactive cathode surface and the electrolyte make the interfacial impedance rise and cause the dissolution of transition metals. What people care about most is that high nickel content makes the thermal stability of the mate

  Keywords: high materials nickel makes lattice synthesis systems made preparation layered cathode strategies performance ions scale
• Homoleptic triorganotin(IV) organoselenolates of type R3Sn(SeCH2CH2pz) (2025) · doi

  The coordination geometry of aliphatic compounds 1-3 was assigned based on NMR coupling constants in solution at room temperature, but solid-state structures for these compounds were not determined.

  Keywords: compounds coordination geometry aliphatic assigned based coupling constants solution room temperature solid state structures determined
• Packed Bed Microreactors for Sustainable Chemistry and Process Development (2025) · doi

  Long-term stability data (beyond 75 hours) for Au-Pd/TiO2 catalysts in oxidation reactions is limited, particularly for catalysts prepared by different synthesis methods.

  Keywords: catalysts long term stability beyond hours oxidation reactions limited particularly prepared different synthesis
• Hypercoordination in triorganoantimony(III) compounds. Case study of heteroleptic [2,6-(Me2NCH2)2C6H3]2(Ph)Sb (2024) · doi

  NMR spectra recorded at room temperature gave no clear evidence for N→Sb intramolecular interaction in solution, despite X-ray crystallography revealing its existence in the solid state.

  Keywords: spectra recorded room temperature gave clear evidence intramolecular interaction solution despite crystallography revealing existence solid
• Hypercoordination in triorganoantimony(III) compounds. Case study of heteroleptic [2,6-(Me2NCH2)2C6H3]2(Ph)Sb (2024) · doi

  The discrepancy between solution-state NMR behavior and solid-state crystal structure suggests need for further investigation of the dynamic nature of N→Sb interactions in solution.

  Keywords: solution state discrepancy behavior solid crystal structure suggests need further investigation dynamic nature interactions
• New organobismuth(III) compounds based on a tetrahydro-dibenzo[c,f][1,5] azabismocine heterocyclic framework (2023) · doi

  The 1H NMR spectra gave no evidence for a MeO→Bi intramolecular interaction in solution, despite it being observed in solid state for compound 3, indicating a need to further investigate the discrepancy between solution and solid-state behavior.

  Keywords: solution solid state spectra gave evidence intramolecular interaction despite observed compound indicating need further investigate