affect Overall, probiotic interventions consistent improvements in lipid metabolism and inflammation but lack evidence for hard clinical outcomes. Future progress will depend on combination strategies

The gap

Consensus across the literature

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• Effects of probiotic supplementation on diabetic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2026) · doi

  This study included only RCTs, providing a relatively high level of evidence for evaluating the true effects of probiotic supplementation in patients with DKD. We further explored potential sources of het- erogeneity, including strain composition and intervention duration, through subgroup and sensitivity analyses, which supported the robustness of the main findings. By synthesizing data from 11 RCTs, this review offers an integrated assessment across multiple domains, including renal function, glycemic and lipid metabolism, and inflam- matory and oxidative stress markers, thereby providing a more com- prehensive evidence base for understanding the effects of probiotics in DKD. Nevertheless, several limitations should be acknowledged. The composition of the gut microbiota varies substantially between individuals and is influenced by genetics, diet and environmental fac- tors, which may affect the generalisability of the findings. In addition, the included trials differed considerably in their intervention formula- tions, and detailed analyses of specific strains or dose–response

  Keywords: included rcts providing evidence effects including composition intervention analyses relatively high level evaluating true probiotic
• Traditional Chinese medicine–based modulation of gut microbiota in coronary heart disease: probiotic synergy and translational perspectives (2026) · doi

  affect Overall, probiotic interventions consistent improvements in lipid metabolism and inflammation but lack evidence for hard clinical outcomes. Future progress will depend on combination strategies, microbiome-based stratification, and large-scale mechanistic trials. show

  Keywords: affect overall probiotic interventions consistent improvements lipid metabolism inflammation lack evidence hard clinical outcomes future
• Current understanding of the Alzheimer’s disease-associated microbiome and therapeutic strategies (2024) · doi

  In conclusion, while the modulation of the gut microbiota shows promise as a potential strategy to slow AD progression, further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms in the interaction between microbiota and AD and to establish effective interventions. Treatments such as antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, FMT, and other strategies need to be explored for their ability to restore the balance of the gut microbiota and potentially mitigate AD pathology.

  Keywords: microbiota conclusion modulation shows promise potential strategy slow progression further needed understand underlying mechanisms interaction