Although the study provides useful insights, some limitations should be considered. First, all data were self-reported, which may introduce common method bias, for example through subjective interpret

The gap

Consensus across the literature

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• Preparing for life beyond sport: dual career awareness, developmental environment, and future orientation in adolescent handball (2026) · doi

  Although the study provides useful insights, some limitations should be considered. First, all data were self-reported, which may introduce common method bias, for example through subjective interpretations or social desirability. In addition, the cross-sectional design does not allow for causal conclusions about the relationships between athletes’ perceptions, developmental environments, and dual career preparation. The study also focused specifically on adolescent handball players within a particular talent development context, so the findings may not be directly transferable to other sports, age groups, or settings. Moreover, as the research was conducted in Hungary, the characteristics of the national sport and education system may have influenced the results.

  Keywords: provides useful insights limitations considered first self reported introduce common bias example subjective interpretations social
• The sports-education-health nexus: assessing psychological, cognitive, and social outcomes in a public health framework (2026) · doi

  While the present study offers useful insights into the multidi- mensional role of sports education, several limitations should be acknowledged. • The study used a cross-sectional design, which limits the ability to establish causal relationships among the variables because the temporal direction of the relationships cannot be fully confirmed. • The findings are based on self-reported data, which may involve response bias, social desirability bias, and common method vari- ance, thereby potentially affecting the precision of the measured relationships. Future studies may use objective indicators, such as cognitive performance tests, behavioral measures, or external assessments, to improve validity. • Another limitation relates to the consistently positive and statisti- cally significant relationships observed across the proposed hypotheses. Although these findings are theoretically aligned with prior literature on sports education and developmental outcomes, the strength of the relationships may also reflect certain method- ological factors, including sample homogeneity, self-reported per- ceptions, and potential social desirability tendencies among respondents. Since the participants shared relatively similar edu- cational and sports-related backgrounds, variability in responses may have been reduced, potentially contributing to stronger posi- tive associations among the constructs. Therefore, the findings should be interpreted with appropriate caution. Future studies are encouraged to utilize more heterogeneous samples, longitudinal designs, and multi-source data collection approaches to further validate the robustness and generalizability of the observed relationships. • The sample was drawn from a specific context using convenience sampling, which may restrict the broader generalizability of the findings across different cultural, institutional, and socioeconomic environments. In addition, the study relied on a convenience sam- pling approach, which may limit the representativeness of the

  Keywords: relationships sports among education self reported bias social desirability potentially future observed across sample generalizability
• “The ‘double sinawali’ of learning and striking the stick with purpose”: Exploring the relationship between individual interest and study engagement in the indigenous martial art of Arnis (2026) · doi

  The study’s findings should be interpreted with caution due to several limitations. Its cross-sectional design restricts the ability to establish causal relationships between individual interest and study engagement, while reliance on self-reported data may have introduced social desirability, recall bias and common method bias. To mitigate these risks, several procedural remedies were implemented, including voluntary participation, anonymous responses and the absence of evaluative or performance-related consequences, which help reduce evaluation apprehension. In addition, the study employed theoretically distinct constructs measured using validated instruments with different scale formats, which further minimizes method-related inflation. Moreover, the sample, drawn from a single higher education institution, limits the generalizability of results to other universities with different curricular structures, cultural contexts or instructional approaches. The focus on Arnis as a culturally rooted physical education activity may also yield insights that are not directly transferable to non-indigenous sports settings. Finally, other potentially influential factors, such as teaching style, peer

  Keywords: several bias related different education interpreted caution limitations cross sectional design restricts ability establish causal