BACKGROUND: Determination of causal connections between parental measures and child outcomes using typical samples is limited by the inability to account for all confounds, both environmental and gene

The gap

Consensus across the literature

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• The role of the Children of Twins design in elucidating causal relations between parent characteristics and child outcomes (2003) · doi

  BACKGROUND: Determination of causal connections between parental measures and child outcomes using typical samples is limited by the inability to account for all confounds, both environmental and genetic.

  Keywords: background determination causal connections parental measures child outcomes using typical samples limited inability account confounds
• Parental imprisonment: effects on boys’ antisocial behaviour and delinquency through the life‐course (2005) · doi

  Further research on possible moderating and mediating factors such as stigma, reduction in family income and reduced quality of care is required to identify the mechanisms by which parental imprisonment affects children.

  Keywords: further possible moderating mediating factors stigma reduction family income reduced quality care required identify mechanisms
• Effects of parental imprisonment on child antisocial behaviour and mental health: a systematic review (2009) · doi

  However, these tests of causal effects might be systematically biased because studies often did not control for prior child behaviour, parental criminality, and other important confounds associated with parental imprisonment.

  Keywords: parental tests causal effects systematically biased often control prior child behaviour criminality important confounds associated