cannot established dimorphism given mice

The gap

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• The ventral hippocampus to paraventricular thalamus circuit regulates context-dependent hyperlocomotion through PAC1 receptor signaling in the chronic stress-induced PTSD mouse model (2026) · doi

  The study used only male mice to control for confounding effects of the estrous cycle; findings cannot be directly extrapolated to females given established sexual dimorphism in the PACAP/PAC1 system and estrogen-dependent modulation.

  Keywords: used male mice control confounding effects estrous cycle cannot directly extrapolated females given established sexual
• Case Report: Hypereosinophilic syndrome misdiagnosed as atopic dermatitis due to refractory pruritic rash masking peripheral neuropathy (2026) · doi

  Causality cannot be definitively established in this single case regarding the proposed sensory masking hypothesis, as the temporal association only supports a biologically plausible mechanism rather than proven causation.

  Keywords: causality cannot definitively established single case regarding proposed sensory masking hypothesis temporal association supports biologically
• A lower LDL-c/ApoB ratio is associated with an increased prevalence of gallstones in the regional Chinese adult population, according to a retrospective, propensity-matched analysis (2026) · doi

  Due to the cross-sectional nature of the study, causality cannot be established.

  Keywords: cross sectional nature causality cannot established