Despite its empirical contribution, the study has certain limitations inherent to its design and data sources: 1. Dependence on Secondary Data: The study relies solely on published data, which may not

The gap

Consensus across the literature

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• Impact of UPI-Led Digital Payments on Bank Performance in India: An Empirical Analysis (2026) · doi

  Despite its empirical contribution, the study has certain limitations inherent to its design and data sources: 1. Dependence on Secondary Data: The study relies solely on published data, which may not capture bank-level nuances such as internal cost structures or digital strategy variations. 2. Data Availability Constraints: Bank-wise disaggregation of UPI transaction data may be limited for certain years, potentially affecting sample size or model precision. 3. Omission of Qualitative Factors: As the analysis is quantitative, factors such as customer satisfaction, service quality, and technological readiness are not considered. 4. External Economic Shocks: Macroeconomic events such as the COVID-19 pandemic or regulatory changes may influence bank performance independently of UPI adoption. 5. Generalizability: Findings are specific to the Indian banking system and may not be directly applicable to countries with different digital payment infrastructure

  Keywords: bank certain digital factors despite empirical contribution limitations inherent design sources dependence secondary relies solely
• DIGITAL BANKING ADOPTION AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE IN INDONESIA (2026) · doi

  This research has several limitations that need to be considered in drawing conclusions and developing further research. First, the observation period only covers 2015 to 2024, so the results of the study are not fully able to describe the long-term impact of banking financial performance. digitalization on Digital transformation in the banking sector is a gradual process whose effects tend to appear in the medium to long term. Second, this study only used nine samples of conventional banks from the BUKU III and BUKU IV categories that have digital services. The relatively limited number of samples can reduce the ability to generalize research results to the entire banking industry in Indonesia. For smaller-scale banks or Islamic banks may have different characteristics in the implementation of digitalization. Third, this study fully uses secondary data sourced from the annual report, the official website of the Financial Services Authority (OJK), and the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Reliance on secondary data poses a potential limitation of accuracy Digital Banking Adoption...– Putri, Febriyani, Adriyanto 105 because it depends on the completeness and reliability of each bank's reporting. transactions, digital Fourth, the empirical model used only focuses on three main variables, namely total digital transaction growth, and speed of digital adoption, without considering other external factors such as national digital infrastructure, digital financial literacy level, and government regulatory support. These factors have the potential to have an additional influence on the bank's financial performance but have not been accommodated in this study. Finally, the results of the analysis show that most independent variables do not have a significant effect on profitability (ROA). This indicates the possibility of mediation or moderation variables that have not been included, such as operational efficiency, the level of interbank competition, or the level of customer trust in digital services. Therefore, further research is expected to expand the model by including these variables to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the influence of digitalization on banking financial performance in Indonesia. REFERENCES Adel, N. (2024). The Impact Of Digital

  Keywords: digital banking financial variables performance digitalization banks services indonesia level further fully long term impact
• The Impact of Digitalisation on the Performance of Romanian SMEs Listed on the AERO Market (2026) · doi

  at: <https://www.eib.org/attachments/lucalli/20230198_digitalisation_of_smes_in_romania _en.pdf> [Accessed 23 November 2025]. level of digitalisation. Available increase their to Moro-Visconti, R., Sánchez García, J., López Pascual, J. and Cruz Rambaud, S., 2025. Digitalization intensity and its impact on financial performance: The role of scalable platforms. Finance Research Letters, 74, art. no. 106772. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.frl.2025.106772. Mubarak, M.F., Shaikh, F.A., Mubarik, M., Samo, K.A. and Mastoi, S., 2019. The Impact of Digital Transformation on Business Performance: A Study of Pakistani SMEs. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 9(6), pp.5056-5061. https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3201. Muhammad, S.S., Dey, B.L., Kamal, M.M., Samuel, L. and Alzeiby, E.A., 2025. Digital transformation or digital divide? Smes’ use of AI during global crisis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 217, art. no. 124184. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.techfore.2025.124184. OECD, 2021. The Digital Transformation of SMEs. OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship. [online] OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/bdb9256a-en. Pfister, P. and Lehmann, C., 2023. Returns on digitisation in SMEs—a systematic literature review. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 35(4), pp.574-598. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2021.1980680. Radicic, D. and Petković, S., 2023. Impact of digitalization on technological innovations in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 191, art. no. 122474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122474. Razavi Hajiagha, S.H., Amoozad Mahdiraji, H., Behnam, M. and Garza-Reyes, J.A., 2026. A comparative investigation of the impact of digitalisation and work-from-home policy on firm performance: MNEs vs international SMEs. Technology in Society, 85, art. no. 103169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.103169.

  Keywords: https smes impact digital digitalisation performance transformation technological oecd digitalization business technology forecasting social change