Hence, the gaps in nutritional knowledge and the fallacious character of recommendations, in addition to the re-valuation of the role of the nutritionist, need to be further investigated in order to i

The gap

Consensus across the literature

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• Prevalence of Nutritional Deficiencies Among Patients Attending a Nutrition Clinic at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Andhra Pradesh, South India: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study (2026) · doi

  This study has several strengths. First, the use of complete enumeration rather than probability sampling - every eligible patient seen at the center during the 30-month study period was included - eliminates sampling bias and yields narrow 95% CIs (margin of error ≤ ±4% for every major prevalence estimate), supporting the precision of the reported figures. Second, the large sample size, comprehensive multi- parameter nutritional assessment, application of standardized international deficiency criteria, and examination of gender- and age-stratified patterns, including multiple concurrent deficiencies, allow a granular description of the nutritional landscape in this clinical population. Third, the study characterizes nutritional status among patients actively seeking nutrition-focused healthcare, a population that is poorly represented in community-based surveys but increasingly relevant as nutrition clinics expand in tertiary care. Several limitations should also be acknowledged. Although the census approach removes sampling bias, the study population was restricted to patients self-referred or clinically referred to a specialized nutrition center at a tertiary institution; the prevalence estimates are therefore conditional on clinical presentation and are not directly generalizable to the source community (Berkson's bias). The subsamples tested for 25(OH)D and vitamin B12 were smaller than the full cohort because biochemical testing was performed on clinical indication rather than universally; post hoc precision nevertheless remained acceptable (±2.9% and ±4.0%, respectively, at 95% CI). The cross-sectional design with retrospective data acquisition precludes inference about temporal relationships or causality. On account of high patient load, difficulty in digitalizing, Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data were available for only a small convenience subset of participants; although gender comparisons using the Mann-Whitney U test showed no statistically significant differences, these analyses are severely underpowered, and the results should not be interpreted as evidence for the absence of a gender gap in dietary intake. Definitive inference will require a prospective study with universal dietary assessment. Detailed data on potential confounders - including socioeconomic status, education, occupation, and habitual dietary patterns - were not collected, limiting our ability to adjust for these variables in the multivariable analyses.

  Keywords: dietary sampling bias nutritional gender clinical population nutrition several rather every patient center prevalence precision
• Association of Nutritional Level with Remission and Nutritional Advice in Obesity Surgery (2026) · doi

  Conclusions regarding the long-term efficacy of BS in relation to the level of nutritional levels are limited. Analyzing follow-up remission with nutritional levels is a strength of the current study. Despite its efforts, our study did not achieve the complete personal follow-up needed to measure clinical and nutritional characteristics. This underlines that sustained efforts are needed to maximize retention and tracking, one of the major challenges of large, multi-center, observational clinical studies of BS. Another weakness is the under-reporting of nutrient categories in the data collection. To provide more effective nutritional advice, more nutrients should be covered and more data on vitamins and minerals should be included. DECLARATIONS Authors’ contributions Designed the research: Z.H., L.Y., and L.H; Supervised patient recruitment and data collection: L.Y., L.H; Performed the patient recruitment, the patient examination, the experimental work and data collection: S.Z., S.J., X.J., C.X., Y.L., X.Y; Analyzed and interpreted the data: S.L. and Z.H; Wrote the paper: Z.H.

  Keywords: nutritional collection patient levels follow efforts needed clinical recruitment conclusions regarding long term efficacy relation
• Logical Fallacies as a Possible Source of Misconceptions and Inadequate Patient Recommendations Given by Medical Professionals – A Preliminary Review (2022) · doi

  Hence, the gaps in nutritional knowledge and the fallacious character of recommendations, in addition to the re-valuation of the role of the nutritionist, need to be further investigated in order to improve the quality of patient advice in the area of dietary requirements as well as to propose the necessary changes in curricula.

  Keywords: hence gaps nutritional knowledge fallacious character recommendations addition valuation role nutritionist need further investigated order