High parental worry and low parental self-efficacy may be rather prominent among parents with adolescents with depression, but how this is related to parenting behaviors, such as warmth and criticism,

The gap

Consensus across the literature

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• Influence of parenting style on the self-esteem of adolescents and the factors associated with low self-esteem: An institutional based cross-sectional study in Tokha municipality, Nepal (2026) · doi

  The findings of this study should be interpreted in light of its limitations. In this study, parenting style and self-esteem were measured using perception-based scales, which could differ from actual parental behavior employed by the parents. Consequently, adolescents with lower self-esteem may be more likely to interpret or perceive parental behaviors in a more negative manner. This raises the possibility of bidirectional influence, where perceptions of parenting may partly reflect the adolescent’s psychological state rather than solely objective parental practices Also, there may have been recall biases, albeit sufficient probing was done by data collectors to minimize this bias. This study was conducted in urban high schools; therefore, the findings would not apply to the understanding of adolescents and parents living in rural areas and to adolescents who do not attend formal schools. A self-report measure was used for data collection and self-report measures are subjected to socially desirable responses. This was tried to be reduced by conducting the data collection by providing enough private space for everyone and by informing the participants that their responses were de-identified. Although we adjusted for key socio-demographic variables, there may be potential confounding from other factors such as peer relationships, parental income, or parental mental health. These factors could influence both adolescents’ perception of parenting style and their self-esteem, potentially biasing the observed associations. Future longitudinal studies with more comprehensive measures are needed to better control for these confounders. The participants of this study were nested within schools, which could have potential for intra-cluster correlation. This correlation within cluster was not taken into account by this study. Finally, the cross-sectional nature of this study restricts the ability to infer causal relationships between the identified factors and self-esteem.

  Keywords: self parental esteem adolescents parenting schools factors style perception parents influence there report collection measures
• Not to Worry? Parental Worry, Self-efficacy, and Parenting Behaviors in the Context of Adolescent Depression (2026) · doi

  High parental worry and low parental self-efficacy may be rather prominent among parents with adolescents with depression, but how this is related to parenting behaviors, such as warmth and criticism, is not well known.

  Keywords: parental high worry self efficacy rather prominent among parents adolescents depression related parenting behaviors warmth
• Links between depressive symptoms, self-esteem, socioeconomic status and parental rearing among adolescents (2004) · doi

  Nevertheless, despite an increasing number of studies, the results were rather inconsistent and as not providing valid information on the relationships between depressive symptoms, low self-esteem, socioeconomic status and parental rearing practices among adolescents.

  Keywords: nevertheless despite increasing number rather inconsistent providing valid information relationships depressive symptoms self esteem socioeconomic