there are certain concerns with According to this review, biomarkers are playing an increasingly important role in cancer detection, prognosis, and treatment selection. Although their widespread use,

The gap

Consensus across the literature

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• Advancements in cancer biomarker discovery over fifteen years: diagnostics and prognostic approach in somatic cancer (2026) · doi

  there are certain concerns with According to this review, biomarkers are playing an increasingly important role in cancer detection, prognosis, and treatment selection. Although their widespread use, liquid biopsy and next-generation sequencing have the potential to significantly enhance customized cancer treatment. Next-generation sequencing could vastly improve tailored cancer treatment. While biomarkers may help with early treatment approaches, detection and issues lie in the cost of testing, unreliability, and differing standards across the sector. The fusion of multi-omics strategies (proteomics, metagenomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics) and high-performance sequencing and mass spectrometry will allow a better understanding of molecular pathways and therapeutic targets, and precise biomarker discovery as depicted in Figure 5. improved personalized Remember, though: There is still much more research to be done in all such groups, with more people and other kinds of treatments being used and biomarkers matching ones elsewhere. Biomarker use in clinical practice remains difficult to exploit and requires enhancement. technology, Consequently, biomarkers have great potential to assist future oncology research, but the realization of this promise will be dependent on regulatory approval, and cost efficiency. In conclusion, biomarkers have great potential for treating cancer, but broad application in medicine will take time and efforts. By harnessing novel technologies and analytical techniques in cancer biomarker studies, we anticipate substantial progress in the future. Specifically, in this direction of investigation the use of AI–based biomarker discovery in the quest to analyze and interpret large set of biomedical datasets efficiently is anticipated. Furthermore, combining approaches of multi-omics--genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics and a closer look at such networked interactions in cancer biology and biomarker biology, may offer us greater understanding. Next-generation technologies such as spatial transcriptomics will also allow researchers to examine gene expression over the space of tumor microenvironments. In addition, the growing use of liquid biopsy and next-generation sequencing (NGS) will help in early diagnosis, individualized diagnosis, accurate prognosis, and targeted therapy. These technologies are anticipated to become pivotal in advancing

  Keywords: cancer biomarkers biomarker treatment next generation sequencing potential transcriptomics technologies there detection prognosis liquid biopsy
• The Development and Application of Immunotherapies, Targeted Therapies, Personalized Medicine and Advancements in Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis, Such as Cell-Free DNA Tests (2026) · doi

  The field of cancer therapy is advancing quickly, fueled by progress in immunotherapy, targeted treatments, and precision medicine. Biomarkers like cfDNA are reshap- ing clinical practice by allowing earlier disease detection, continuous monitoring, and more tailored therapeutic decisions. Unlike conventional tissue biopsies, cfDNA provides a minimally invasive method to follow tumor SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine (2026) 8:164  164 Page 16 of 23 progression and treatment efficacy, enhancing patient quality of life while minimizing unnecessary proce- dures. The study of cfDNA has enormous potential for deciphering the intricacies of human biology and illness. Precision medicine approaches, informed by molecular profiling, facilitate the rapid detection of actionable muta- tions, supporting the use of targeted therapies customized to each patient. Immunotherapy, which leverages both innate and adaptive immune responses, provides long- lasting and tumor-specific effects, complementing stan- dard chemotherapy and broadening treatment options. In addition, immune-based therapies are increasingly utilized as diagnostic and prognostic tools, with bio- markers that enhance disease detection and help predict therapeutic outcomes. Immunotherapy, by harnessing the host’s innate and adaptive immune system, offers dura- ble and specific anti-tumour responses, complementing traditional chemotherapy and expanding the therapeutic arsenal [3, 4]. Furthermore, immunotherapies increas- ingly serve as diagnostic and prognostic tools through immune-based biomarkers, refining disease detection and predicting treatment outcomes. Despite these advances, several challenges remain. Future research should focus on standardizing cfDNA collection and analysis, improv- ing assay sensitivity for low tumor burden scenarios, and establishing robust clinical validation across diverse patient populations. Expanding equitable access to preci- sion diagnostics and integrating multi-omic approaches with cfDNA analysis could further enhance personal- ized cancer care. Additionally, investigating the syn- ergistic potential of cfDNA-guided immunotherapies and targeted therapies may improve treatment efficacy, minimize adverse effects, and accelerate the develop- ment of adaptive, patient-specific strategies. In summary, cfDNA-based diagnostics represent a transformative tool in oncology, with the potential to redefine early detection, monitoring, and therapeutic guidance. Ongoing research into assay standardization, clinical validation, and inte- gration with immunotherapy will be essential for realizing the full potential of precision medicine in cancer care. Author contributions AI, GE, MA, PA, AJ, EY, JO, UI, RM, AE, EO, HU, DA, AA were responsible for the conception and design of the study; AI, GE, MA, PA, AJ, EY, JO, UI, RM, AE, EO, HU, DA, AA performed data collection. AI, GE, MA, PA, AJ, EY, JO, UI, RM, AE, EO, HU, DA, AA performed data analysis and drafted the article. GE, EY supervised the study, contributed to data analysis, interpretation, and critical revisions. All authors approved the final manuscript. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Data Availability Not applicable. Code availability Not applicable.

  Keywords: cfdna detection immunotherapy medicine clinical therapeutic treatment patient potential immune specific cancer targeted precision disease
• Decoding the 2023 FIGO Staging System in Endometrial Cancer: A Practical, Visually Guided Framework for Molecular Risk-Adapted Care Incorporating the 2025 Risk Group Update (2026) · doi

  Ongoing research in endometrial cancer increasingly aims to refine the clinical utility of molecular classification and to identify novel therapeutic targets, including alternations in lipid metabolism [62, 63]. A major challenge remains the development of cost-effective surrogates for POLE muta- tion testing, which currently requires sequencing and access to specialized molecular laboratories - resources that remain limited in many clinical and diagnostic centers. Another promising avenue involves adapting the extent of surgical staging, particularly lymph node dissection, to the tumor’s molecular subtype, potentially improving prog- nostic precision and treatment outcomes [64]. Recent advances have also reshaped systemic therapy. The phase III RUBY trial demonstrated that adding dostar- limab to standard carboplatin–paclitaxel significantly improved progression-free and overall survival, estab- lishing chemoimmunotherapy as the standard of care for advanced or recurrent disease [65]. Similarly, the NRG- GY018/KEYNOTE-868 study demonstrated that pembro- lizumab combined with first-line chemotherapy improves progression-free survival in both dMMR and pMMR subgroups, underscoring the broad applicability of PD-1 blockade across molecular subtypes [66]. The DUO-E trial further established durvalumab, with or without olaparib, as an effective first-line strategy: durvalumab plus carbopla- tin–paclitaxel followed by durvalumab maintenance, with or without olaparib, yielded significant progression-free survival gains, with regulatory approval of durvalumab– olaparib maintenance in pMMR tumours and particularly pronounced benefit in p53-abnormal pMMR disease [67]. Beyond immunotherapy, the therapeutic landscape of endometrial cancer is being reshaped by antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) and molecularly targeted agents. Early- phase data with trastuzumab deruxtecan and sacituzumab govitecan have shown clinically meaningful and durable responses in heavily pretreated, HER2- or TROP2-express- ing endometrial carcinomas, supporting ongoing phase II and phase III evaluation in this setting [68, 69]. Endocrine- targeted combinations have also demonstrated activity, as illustrated by the PALEO trial of letrozole plus palbociclib and phase II studies of abemaciclib with fulvestrant in hor- mone receptor–positive endometrioid subtypes [70], [71]. The PI3K/AKT pathway remains a critical molecular axis, with alpelisib and capivasertib showing promising activity Current Oncology Reports (2026) 28:62 1 3 62 Page 10 of 16 in genomically selected gynecologic cohorts [72]. Inhibi- tion of WEE1 kinase with adavosertib has produced antitu- mour activity in TP53-abnormal uterine serous carcinoma, supporting the broader rationale for targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway [73]. Additional early- phase trials are investigating inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT/ mTOR signalling cascade, including sapanisertib, as well as DDR-targeted combinations designed to enhance sensi- tivity to PARP inhibition and immune checkpoint blockade [74]. Furthermore, next-generation ADCs directed against TROP2, FRα and HER2 are expanding therapeutic possi- bilities beyond traditional HER2-positive disease (Fucà et al. [75]). Parallel exploratory studies are focusing on epigenetic modulators and polo-like kinase (PLK) inhibition, along- side novel protein biomarkers. In particular, epigenetic alterations and overexpression of PLK4 have been impli- cated in aggressive clinicopathologic behaviour in endome- trial cancer, while emerging radiotheranostic work suggests that antigens such as MUC16 and CD24 may serve as both imaging and therapeutic targets [76, 77]. The results of pivotal phase III immunotherapy trials have already transformed clinical practice, establishing che- moimmunotherapy as the standard first-line approach for patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer. The forthcoming implementation of ADC-based regimens and next-generation, biology-driven targeted therapies is antici- pated to further personalize systemic treatment and improve long-term outcomes for this challenging disease population [78].

  Keywords: phase molecular endometrial cancer therapeutic trial disease durvalumab targeted clinical standard progression free survival first