There is also a tendency for published studies to report significantly stronger correlations than unpublished studies, but overall, large, negative effect sizes are underreported.

The gap

Consensus across the literature

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• Benefits of nature exposure on cognitive functioning in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2024) · doi

  Publication bias was not an issue, though sensitivity analyses revealed that more rigorous studies yielded smaller effect sizes than studies of lower methodological quality, indicating that findings should be taken with caution, and that stronger evidence in the investigation of nature-based restorative/instorative effects are warranted.

  Keywords: publication bias issue though sensitivity analyses revealed rigorous yielded smaller effect sizes lower methodological quality
• A meta-analysis of the relation between math anxiety and math achievement. (2020) · doi

  There is also a tendency for published studies to report significantly stronger correlations than unpublished studies, but overall, large, negative effect sizes are underreported.

  Keywords: there tendency published report stronger correlations unpublished overall large negative effect sizes underreported
• Non‐Criminal Justice Interventions for Countering Cognitive and Behavioural Radicalisation Amongst Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Effectiveness and Implementation (2025) · doi

  However, the fact that this study was assessed as having a serious risk of bias, coupled with the lack of other eligible research designs, means there was insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about effectiveness.

  Keywords: fact assessed having serious risk bias coupled lack eligible designs means there insufficient evidence draw