to security challenges A. Conclusion The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses serious traditional authentication mechanisms used in Next Generation (NGNs). Conventional cryptographic

The gap

Consensus across the literature

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• Comparative Analysis of Quantum and Classical Computing: Performance, Error Rates, and Hybrid Architectures (2026) · doi

  As quantum cloud services grow and hardware platforms get better, future research should focus on direct comparisons between different types of devices to confirm modeling results and finetune noise models. Das, "Quantum secure authentication and key agreement protocols for IoT-enabled applications: A comprehensive survey and open challenges," Computer Science Review, doi: vol. Diop, "IoT Security in the Quantum Era: State of the Art and Open Challenges," 2025 5th International Conference on Innovative Research in Applied Science, Engineering and Technology (IRASET), pp.

  Keywords: quantum open challenges science cloud services grow hardware platforms better future focus direct comparisons different
• Post-Quantum Cryptography Based Authentication Framework for Next Generation Networks (2026) · doi

  to security challenges A. Conclusion The rapid advancement of quantum computing poses serious traditional authentication mechanisms used in Next Generation (NGNs). Conventional cryptographic

  Keywords: security challenges conclusion rapid advancement quantum computing poses serious traditional authentication mechanisms used next generation
• Quantifying quantum risk: a measure of crypto agility (2026)

  Recent advances in cryptography and security architecture show promise in supporting the design of systems that exhibit resilience against quantum-enabled cryptanalysis, however there is a key gap in the literature around the subject of deriving tolerances for such systems.

  Keywords: systems recent advances cryptography security architecture show promise supporting design exhibit resilience against quantum enabled