Yet, the kinetically sluggish and unstable catalysts remain elusive to large‐scale hydrogen (H 2 ) generation for industrial applications.

The gap

Consensus across the literature

Supporting evidence — 6 representative gaps

• Unlocking Efficient Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution Through Ru–Sn Dual Metal Sites and a Novel Hydroxyl Spillover Effect (2024) · doi

  Abstract Alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) has great potential in practical hydrogen production but is still limited by the lack of active and stable electrocatalysts.

  Keywords: hydrogen abstract alkaline evolution reaction great potential practical production still limited lack active stable electrocatalysts
• Sequential oxygen evolution and decoupled water splitting via electrochemical redox reaction of nickel hydroxides (2024) · doi

  Alkaline water electrolysis is a promising low-cost strategy for clean and sustainable hydrogen production but is largely limited by the sluggish anodic oxygen evolution reaction and the challenges in maintaining adequate separation between H2 and O2.

  Keywords: alkaline water electrolysis promising cost strategy clean sustainable hydrogen production largely limited sluggish anodic oxygen
• The Corrosive Cl^–-Induced Rapid Surface Reconstruction of Amorphous NiFeCoP Enables Efficient Seawater Splitting (2024) · doi

  Limited by the violent oxidation and corrosion environment of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in seawater electrolysis, the design of catalysts with high activity and stability is crucial for improving the hydrogen production performance of the electrolysis cell.

  Keywords: electrolysis limited violent oxidation corrosion environment oxygen evolution reaction seawater design catalysts high activity stability
• Recent Advances in Electrochemical Water Splitting and Reduction of CO₂ into Green Fuels on 2D Phosphorene‐Based Catalyst (2020) · doi

  However, the application of 2D phosphorene‐based catalyst in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), reduction of CO 2 into green fuels, and the nitrogen electroreduction reaction (N 2 RR) have not been explored further.

  Keywords: reaction evolution application phosphorene based catalyst hydrogen oxygen reduction green fuels nitrogen electroreduction explored further
• One‐pot synthesis of <scp>PtNi</scp> /carbon composites derived from polytetrahydrofuran for bifunctional alkaline <scp>HER</scp> and <scp>ORR</scp> (2026) · doi

  The resulting catalyst delivers efficient alkaline HER and, importantly, sustains hydrogen evolution deep into the high‐current‐density regime with strong operational durability, addressing a key limitation of many PtNi‐based catalysts commonly evaluated only at low currents.

  Keywords: resulting catalyst delivers efficient alkaline importantly sustains hydrogen evolution deep high current density regime strong
• Engineering Metallic Alloy Electrode for Robust and Active Water Electrocatalysis with Large Current Density Exceeding 2000 mA cm⁻² (2024) · doi

  Yet, the kinetically sluggish and unstable catalysts remain elusive to large‐scale hydrogen (H 2 ) generation for industrial applications.

  Keywords: kinetically sluggish unstable catalysts remain elusive large scale hydrogen generation industrial applications