Although trafficking in human beings was criminalized in Spain in 2010, data on this phenomenon are scarce and incomplete, consisting only of cases formally identified by police as having a very clear

The gap

Consensus across the literature

Supporting evidence — 4 representative gaps

• Male Victimization in Human Trafficking: Legal Frameworks, Challenges and Policy Recommendations (2026) · doi

  Lalita Devi1, Muskan Bhatia2 1PhD. Research Scholar, Department of Laws, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 2Assistant Professor, Law and Legal Studies, DAV University, Jalandhar ABSTRACT Human trafficking is one of the most pervasive forms of transnational organised crime in the world. It constitutes grave violation of fundamental human rights. If we analyse historically, the trafficking conversation has centered on women and children, while male victims have received very less consideration. This paper discusses some of the recent trends emerging around the trafficking of men, which is a marked but underrepresented development in victim profiles, especially within the realm of labour and sexual exploitation. Following a doctrinal and analytical research methodology, the study looked at international as well as domestic legal frameworks such as the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children) and various provisions under BNS. This paper examines that despite the formal gender neutrality, these frameworks respond inadequately to men. It fails to adequately identify and address the specific vulnerabilities of male victims. It studies the various socio-cultural barriers such as the traditional complex concept of masculinity and underreporting reports of male victims. These factors contributes to the invisibility of male survivors in the criminal justice system. The institutional barriers, lack of gender inclusive policies and inadequate rehabilitation mechanism further exacerbate the marginalization of trafficked males. This study recommends targeted reforms in male victim identification, to promote support services and strict legal enforcement of legal framework so that equitable justice can be provided to all the victims without any prejudice of their gender. Keywords: Human Rights, Human Trafficking, Male Victims, Labour Exploitation, Sexual Exploitation,

  Keywords: male trafficking victims legal human exploitation gender university rights women children victim especially labour sexual
• Citizens as victims of human trafficking: Approaches to domestic trafficking in Spain, Ukraine and the United Kingdom (2025) · doi

  However, state approaches to the recognition of victims of domestic trafficking via administrative procedures and in judicial proceedings have not been analysed in the literature, warranting an inquiry into the determinants of inclusion of exploitation of citizens onto national anti-trafficking agendas.

  Keywords: trafficking state approaches recognition victims domestic administrative procedures judicial proceedings analysed literature warranting inquiry determinants
• Trafficking in human beings in Spain: What do the data on detected victims tell us? (2021) · doi

  Although trafficking in human beings was criminalized in Spain in 2010, data on this phenomenon are scarce and incomplete, consisting only of cases formally identified by police as having a very clear bias to trafficking for sexual exploitation.

  Keywords: trafficking human beings criminalized spain phenomenon scarce incomplete consisting cases formally identified police having clear
• Preliminary Data on a Sample of Perpetrators of Domestic Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation: Suggestions for Research and Practice (2016) · doi

  Trafficking for sexual exploitation is one aspect of human trafficking and, in recent years, there has been an increased awareness of and focus on domestic trafficking for sexual exploitation within the United States; however, very little is known about the psychological characteristics or criminogenic (i.

  Keywords: trafficking sexual exploitation aspect human recent years there increased awareness focus domestic within united states