The findings highlight various barriers to parental involvement, including parents' and teachers' insufficient knowledge, lack of time, child neglect, lack of social work services, learner absenteeism

The gap

Consensus across the literature

Supporting evidence — 4 representative gaps

• Challenges of virtual and open distance science teacher education in Zimbabwe (2012) · doi

  These include limited resources, large classes, inadequate expertise in open and distance education, inappropriate science teacher education qualifications, implementer conflict of interest in program participation, students’ low self-esteem, lack of awareness of quality parameters of delivery systems among staff, and lack of standard criteria to measure the quality of services.

  Keywords: education lack quality include limited resources large classes inadequate expertise open distance inappropriate science teacher
• Challenges and Opportunities in Teachers' Action Research: Secondary School Teachers' Perspectives in Tanzania (2025) · doi

  The findings revealed multi-level challenges:teacher-related(limited research skills, lack of confidence, weak collaboration, poor networking) andinstitutional(lack of funds, lack of motivation, administrative disregard, assessment-driven culture, excessive workloads, limited professional training, and policy ambiguities in guiding TAR practices).

  Keywords: lack limited revealed multi level challenges teacher related skills confidence weak collaboration poor networking andinstitutional
• آراء أعضــاء هیئــة التــدریــس نحــو استخــدام نمـوذج الاستجـابـة للتـدخـل فی برامـج صعـوبـات التعلــم Opinions of Faculty Members about Using Response to Intervention Model in Learning Disabilities Programs (2019) · doi

  The most important technical barriers are lack of culture about this model in community in general and in parents and teachers in particular, and lack of standardized, valid and reliable instruments for data collection to monitor students' progress such as curriculum based assessment.

  Keywords: lack important technical barriers culture model community general parents teachers particular standardized valid reliable instruments
• Building effective family-school community partnerships: exploring teachers’ perspectives on parental involvement in selected South African township primary schools (2025) · doi

  The findings highlight various barriers to parental involvement, including parents' and teachers' insufficient knowledge, lack of time, child neglect, lack of social work services, learner absenteeism, lack of funds, transportation, and diverse languages spoken at school and at home.

  Keywords: lack highlight various barriers parental involvement including parents teachers insufficient knowledge time child neglect social