Hard carbons, as one of the most commercializable anode

The gap

Evidence profile

Stated in the future work and abstract and cells future research sections of the source papers, classified as general, drawn from work published between 2023 and 2026, spanning 3 journals. Those papers have been cited 128 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 4 representative gaps

• Recent advances in all-solid-state batteries for commercialization (2024) · Materials Chemistry Frontiers · cited 128× · doi

  This review provided a comprehensive examination of the challenges and emerging research trends in the field of ASSBs, with the ultimate goal of facilitating their commercialization, going beyond the discussion of the advancements in ASSBs and exploring the potential applications of all-solid-state electro- lytes in other next-generation battery technologies. The key contents of this article are organized into three main themes. First, it addresses the crucial considerations for the successful commercialization of ASSBs and highlights the key challenges that need to be overcome. Second, this review delves into the strategies that researchers have employed to address these challenges, providing insights into the latest developments in this field. Finally, this article explores alternative applications of SEs beyond ASSBs, shedding light on their potential use in other battery technologies. In addition to the factors mentioned in this review, several other considerations must be addressed for the practical application of next-generation batteries in EVs. Many recent studies have focused on showcasing battery performance at high temperatures and maintaining the contact area under high-pressure conditions. However, for practical applications, ASSBs must demonstrate excel- lent performance at room temperature and low operating pres- sures, particularly in pouch-cell-type configurations, rather than just in high-pressure press cell types. This poses a significant challenge that requires further research and improvement. Further- more, advancements in anode technology are essential to ensure the successful commercialization of solid-state batteries. Lithium metal is a leading candidate for ASSB anodes, and research on lithium-free anodes is actively ongoing.174,175 Additionally, research on low-reactivity silicon anodes is in progress, with studies report- ing on their exceptional performance using additive-free, electrolyte-free, and void-free silicon wafer electrodes.176 Overall, this comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals seeking guidance and solutions for the commercialization of ASSBs. By covering a wide range of topics, from challenges to strategies this review offers important and alternative applications, insights and directions for advancing the field and realizing the full potential of ASSBs.

  generalstated in future workevidence 5/5
  Keywords: assbs review challenges commercialization applications free field potential battery performance high anodes comprehensive beyond advancements
• Zinc Single‐Atom‐Regulated Hard Carbons for High‐Rate and Low‐Temperature Sodium‐Ion Batteries (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi

  Abstract Hard carbons, as one of the most commercializable anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), have to deal with the trade‐off between the rate capability and specific capacity or initial Columbic efficiency (ICE), and the fast performance decline at low temperature (LT) remains poorly understood.

  generalstated in abstractevidence 5/5
  Keywords: abstract hard carbons commercializable anode materials sodium batteries sibs deal trade rate capability specific capacity
• Low-Temperature All-Solid-State Batteries (2026) · Nano-Micro Letters · doi

  With the rapid expansion of energy storage applications into harsh environments, the demand for batteries capable of reliable operation at sub-zero temperatures has never been greater. ASSBs have significant potential due to their nonflammable SEs, improved thermal stability, and enhanced safety compared to conventional LIBs. However, despite 3 Page 28 of 35 Nano-Micro Lett. (2027) 19:3 Fig. 11 Key strategies from the material to the system level for stable low-temperature operation notable advancements, achieving stable performance under extremely low-temperature conditions remains a critical challenge. As shown in Fig. 11, future research must take a comprehensive approach that integrates interfacial engineering, electrode architecture optimization, mechanistic understanding, and system-level strategies to overcome the intrinsic Li-ion transport and stability limitations of ASSBs at low temperatures. At room temperature, ionic transport properties vary significantly depending on the material system. Transitionmetal oxide cathodes typically exhibit Li-ion diffusivity in the range of 10−14 to 10−9 cm2  s −1, while graphite anodes show relatively higher values on the order of 10−7 to 10−6 cm2  s −1 at room temperature [138–141]. Solid electrolytes exhibit a wide range of ionic conductivities depending on their material type. Sulfide-based solid electrolytes typically show high ionic conductivities on the order of 10 −2 S cm−1, whereas oxide- and polymer-based systems generally exhibit lower values around 10−4 S cm−1 [142–146]. However, under low-temperature conditions, ionic transport in all these systems is significantly suppressed due to reduced ion mobility. Therefore, achieving ionic transport properties that approach those at room temperature, or at least maintaining comparable orders of magnitude, remains a critical challenge for enabling reliable low-temperature ASSB operation. One of the most critical challenges in low-temperature ASSBs lies at the solid–solid interfaces, where poor physical contact, interfacial side reactions, and unstable interphases collectively hinder Li-ion transport. At sub-zero temperatures, thermal contraction and mechanical mismatch exacerbate contact loss, leading to non-uniform Li-ion flux. Unintended interfacial side reactions can block Li-ion transport pathways and increase interfacial resistance, thereby accelerating overall cell degradation. Future research should focus on advanced interfacial engineering strategies, such as the introduction of artificial buffer layers, surface modification techniques, and optimized electrode composites, to maintain robust and stable solid–solid contacts under harsh conditions. In addition to interfacial stability, the design of electrode architecture plays a critical role in enhancing lowtemperature performance.

  generalstated in future workevidence 5/5
  Keywords: temperature interfacial transport solid ionic critical operation temperatures assbs stability strategies material system stable conditions
• Low-Temperature All-Solid-State Batteries (2026) · Nano-Micro Letters · doi

  The development of new strategies to improve the low-temperature performance of all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). - The investigation of the scalability and cost-effectiveness of ASSBs for practical applications. - The exploration of new materials and architectures for ASSBs to enhance their performance and stability.

  generalstated in cells future researchevidence 5/5
  Keywords: development new strategies improve low-temperature performance all-solid-state batteries

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