All the APEC isolates were obtained from clinically diseased chickens, potentially introducing bias toward highly pathogenic strains

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the limitations section and future-work section of the source papers, classified as general, drawn from work published between 2025 and 2026, spanning 2 journals. Those papers have been cited 16 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• Population Structure, Genomic Features, and Antibiotic Resistance of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Shandong Province and Adjacent Regions, China (2008–2023) (2025) · Microorganisms · cited 6× · doi

  all the APEC isolates were obtained from clinically diseased chickens, potentially introducing bias toward highly pathogenic strains and underrepresenting asymptomatic or mildly virulent lineages - the annual sampling was limited and uneven, constraining the resolution of temporal evolutionary trends - this study focused solely on avian clinical isolates, lacking samples from the environment, food chain, or humans

  generallimitations section
  Keywords: all apec isolates were obtained clinically diseased chickens
• Antimicrobial Resistance in Chicken Meat: Comparing Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Enterococcus from Conventional and Antibiotic-Free Productions (2025) · Microorganisms · cited 10× · doi

  mapping the points of contamination with resistant bacteria across the entire poultry production chain in antibiotic-free systems - longitudinal studies, from hatcheries to retail, to identify where and how resistant strains are introduced or maintained - incorporating MIC-based methodologies or exploring zone diameter epidemiological cut-off values (ECOFFs), where available, to more accurately monitor shifts in resistance phenotypes

  generalfuture-work section
  Keywords: mapping points contamination resistant bacteria across entire poultry
• Multiple Introductions and Cross-Sector Transmission of Salmonella e nterica Serovar Infantis Carrying bla CTX-M-65 Gene, South Korea, 2022–2024 (2026) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi

  direct epidemiologic links between human and poultry cases were not available - definitive source attribution and specific introduction routes could not be determined because of uneven global sampling, the availability of reference genomes in EnteroBase, and limited epidemiologic metadata - source-specific contextual information for some wastewater and poultry isolates was limited, few wastewater isolates were available, and importlineage information was unavailable for the poultry isolates, limiting further epidemiologic interpretation - long-read sequencing was performed only for selected representative isolates; consequently, plasmid structural diversity and transferability across the full collection could not be comprehensively assessed

  generallimitations sectionevidence 5/5
  Keywords: direct epidemiologic links between human poultry cases were

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