And MAPK-driven Taxifolin exhibits a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the future work of the source papers, classified as general, drawn from work published between 2024 and 2026, spanning 3 journals. Those papers have been cited 20 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• Exploring the therapeutic potential of naturally occurring taxifolin, a dietary flavonoid: an updated comprehensive review (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi

  and MAPK-driven Taxifolin exhibits a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, and nephroprotective effects. These activities are mediated through a limited number of interconnected molecular pathways, most notably activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant axis, inflammatory suppression of NF-κB- signaling, regulation of apoptosis and mitochondrial function, and modulation of metabolic pathways such as PI3K/Akt and AMPK. Collectively, these mechanisms provide a coherent biological framework underlying taxifolin’s reported effects across diverse disease models. Future should prioritize mechanistically driven and clinically relevant models to better characterize the therapeutic potential of taxifolin. Evaluating nanoformulations or advanced delivery systems may also help overcome improve translational potential. bioavailability research poor oral and

  generalfuture work
  Keywords: taxifolin driven activities antioxidant inflammatory effects pathways models potential mapk exhibits broad spectrum pharmacological including
• Interrelation of Natural Polyphenol and Fibrosis in Diabetic Nephropathy (2024) · Molecules · cited 16× · doi

  This article reviews the effects of fibrosis, autophagy, oxidative stress and inflamma- tion in the fibrotic ecological niche that contribute to the development of DN. As natural compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, polyphenols can amelio- rate or reverse cellular damage and pathological changes in DN, and are considered an attractive agent to counter DN by targeting signaling pathways including TGF-β, mTORC1, Wnt, Nrf2, NF-κB, AMPK and SIRT1. However, these studies have some limitations and challenges. Various studies have used different experimental approaches and models, including in vitro cellular experiments, animal models and a limited number of human clinical trials. While these approaches revealed potential mechanisms of action of the polyphenols, the experimental conditions often differed from the actual physiological environment of the human body, affecting the extrapolation and applicability of the results. A systematic review and meta-analysis, published in 2022, assessed the effects of polyphenols on glycemia, renal, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in adult DN patients. An analysis of 17 studies found significant reductions in HbA1c levels, proteinuria and malondialdehyde, and an increase in glomerular filtration rate, suggesting a potential renal benefit [134]. Meanwhile, in clinical applications, polyphenols have been found to be challenged by inefficient absorption, rapid metabolism, poor bioavailability, intestinal flora and genetically driven individual differences. Polyphenols can also interact with conventional drugs, affecting metabolism and increasing adverse effects. Despite these limitations, polyphenols still have promising application due to their predominant trend of multi-targeted action, low toxicity and side-effects, and their ability to provide a comprehensive therapeutic strategy for complex diseases such as diabetic nephropathy, which can be tapped into as a target inhibitor to improve the disease by reducing other fibrosis. Author Contributions: Y.M.: conceptualization, writing—original draft, funding acquisition; J.W.: investigation, data curation, writing—original draft; J.F.: investigation, validation; H.J.: investigation; J.L.: supervision, writing—review and editing, funding acquisition. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by Xinjiang Tianchi Doctoral Project, grant number 510523005133, the Key research and development program in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, grant number No. 2022B03002-2 and Tianshan Talent Training Program, grant number 2023TSYCLJ0043. Acknowledgments: We extend our appreciation to Guanxiu Chen for her assistance in using the software. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  generalfuture work
  Keywords: polyphenols effects number writing funding investigation grant fibrosis oxidative stress development inflammatory rate cellular including
• Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi: A Promising Source of Bioactive Molecules for Kidney Disease Therapy (2025) · Biomolecules · cited 4× · doi

  S. baicalensis, a natural medicinal plant with abundant therapeutic properties, has a variety of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides. Notably, flavonoids such as baicalein and wogonin, along with their glycosides, have been demonstrated to exert significant renoprotective effects. For AKI, S. baicalensis exerts robust renoprotective actions through multi-target synergistic mechanisms that include the inhibition of MAPKs/NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathways, activation of the an- tioxidant defense system, regulation of the Bcl-2/Bax-SIRT1/p53 apoptosis pathway, and suppression of ferroptosis mediated by 12-lipoxygenase. Among these mechanisms, the modulation of ferroptosis represents a novel therapeutic avenue for AKI treatment. In CKD, the active components derived from S. baicalensis can enhance renal function by delaying the progression of fibrosis through the inhibition of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway and cell injury induced by oxidative stress. Nevertheless, current evidence primarily origi- https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16010064 Biomolecules 2026, 16, 64 12 of 19 nates from animal studies; therefore, further clinical validation is essential to confirm their translational potential for therapeutic applications. Despite these promising findings, several significant challenges persist within the current research landscape. First, current studies predominantly concentrate on flavonoids as the bioactive ingre- dients from S. baicalensis for the treatment of kidney disease, with insufficient exploration of other structurally diverse components such as terpenoids and polysaccharides. Second, there is a substantial body of research focusing on the inhibitory effects on renal tubular injury, but there is a lack of investigations concerning glomerular injury. Thirdly, the in- tricate regulatory network underlying the synergistic nephroprotective effects of multiple components necessitate further elucidation through systems biology approaches. Fourth, the strategy for clinical evaluation of the active components of S. baicalensis has yet to be established. To address these challenges, future research is necessary to systematically explore the renoprotective effects and underlying mechanisms. Firstly, the renoprotective effects of other types of compounds in S. baicalensis, such as terpenoids and polysaccharides, should be further explored. Secondly, the integration of multi-omics technologies, including spatial transcriptomics and protein–protein interaction network analysis, can be employed to facilitate a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of the “component–target–pathway” regulatory network. Thirdly, advanced models such as organoids and organ-on-a-chip platforms should be used to enhance the translational value in new drug development. Furthermore, special attention should be directed towards creating novel nano-drug deliv- ery systems to increase the therapeutic effects of molecules from S. baicalensis to overcome its bioavailability limitations through formulation innovations. These systematic and multi- disciplinary approaches will effectively promote the application of S. baicalensis in treating kidney disease. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, H.C., Y.F. and K.J.; methodology, H.C., X.Y., F.D. and L.H.; formal analysis, H.C., X.Y. and F.D.; data curation, Y.X., J.C., Y.C. and R.W.; resources, H.C. and X.Y.; writing—original draft preparation, X.Y. and F.D.; writing—review and editing, H.C., Y.F. and K.J.; supervision, H.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82460731, 82003836), Key R&D Plan Project of Ningxia (No. 2024BEG01006, 2021BEB04080), and Research Project of Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University (No. KFKT202313). Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. Acknowledgments: During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used ERNIE-4.5 and DeepSeek-R1 (Open AI) in the writing process to improve readability. The authors have reviewed and edited the output and take full responsibility for the content of this publication. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

  generalfuture work
  Keywords: baicalensis effects therapeutic renoprotective components further authors flavonoids terpenoids polysaccharides multi mechanisms pathway injury current

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