Current resilience assessments neglect multi-hazard phenomena

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the future-work section and limitations section and stated research gap and stated challenges of the source papers, classified as general, spanning 4 journals.

Supporting evidence — 6 representative gaps

• Smart Cities as Complex Adaptive Systems: A Digital Feedback Framework for Urban Resilience (2026) · Urban Science · doi

  Quantitative system dynamics modelling, agent-based simulations, and live digital twin experimentation should be employed to parameterise causal relationships, test feedback intensities, and simulate adaptive behaviours over time under explicit climate-shock scenarios. Further studies must identify measurable, qualitative and quantitative indicators associated with each reinforcing (R1-R4) and balancing (B1-B4) loop to support comparative benchmarking between cities. Future work should explore methods for routing real-time urban data streams into resilience assessment models to capture live system adaptation. There is a need for more empirically oriented research within cities of the Global South, where institutional constraints, infrastructure inequalities, and acute socioeconomic vulnerabilities generate vastly different smart resilience dynamics than those observed in highly developed Western settings.

  generalfuture-work section
  Keywords: quantitative system dynamics modelling agent-based simulations live digital
• Smart Cities as Complex Adaptive Systems: A Digital Feedback Framework for Urban Resilience (2026) · Urban Science · doi

  Theoretical Abstraction: The proposed reinforcing and balancing feedback loops, together with the integrated digital feedback framework, were developed through theoretical synthesis and comparative case analysis. Although informed by documented empirical evidence, the causal relationships remain conceptually derived rather than empirically validated using longitudinal or real-time urban data. The framework is intended as a systems-based guide for understanding resilience, not as a calibrated predictive model.

  generallimitations section
  Keywords: theoretical abstraction proposed reinforcing balancing feedback loops together
• Exploring the Nonlinear Response Patterns and Interaction Effects of Urban Resilience Using the XGBoost-SHAP Model: Evidence from the Yangtze River Economic Belt (2026) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi

  Existing studies have paid limited attention to nonlinear and interactive mechanisms across different resilience dimensions. There is a need to examine the spatiotemporal evolution, key drivers, nonlinear responses, turning point characteristics, and factor interactions of overall urban resilience and its four dimensions.

  generalstated research gap
  Keywords: existing studies have paid limited attention nonlinear interactive
• ARISE: an urban political economy-informed resilience indicator framework for south asian metropolitan cities (2026) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi

  Existing urban resilience indicator frameworks have limitations, such as subjective selection and lack of stakeholder participation. There is a need for a framework that addresses data-constrained urban contexts. The paper identifies a gap in the literature, where existing frameworks tend to be unwieldy and inadequate for planning institutions to monitor and report against.

  generalstated research gap
  Keywords: existing urban resilience indicator frameworks have limitations subjective
• ARISE: an urban political economy-informed resilience indicator framework for south asian metropolitan cities (2026) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi

  The paper identifies the challenge of developing effective resilience indicators that satisfy four criteria: representativeness, responsiveness, measurability, and nonredundancy. The paper addresses the challenge of subjective selection and lack of stakeholder participation in existing frameworks. The paper faces the challenge of dealing with data-constrained urban contexts, where existing frameworks tend to be inadequate.

  generalstated challenges
  Keywords: paper identifies challenge developing effective resilience indicators satisfy
• Next-Generation Seismic Resilience of Urban Infrastructure: A Critical Review and “3C Framework” Roadmap Under Near-Fault Ground Motions (2026) · Buildings · doi

  current resilience assessments neglect multi-hazard phenomena - lack of integration of coupled-multi-hazard, city-scale, and carbon-friendly dimensions in seismic design - need for a paradigm shift from component-centric kinematic vulnerability diagnostics to network-level systemic resilience optimization

  generalstated research gapevidence 5/5
  Keywords: current resilience assessments neglect multi-hazard phenomena lack integration

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