Investigate the effects of other immunotherapies

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the stated challenges and future-work section of the source papers, classified as general, spanning 3 journals.

Supporting evidence — 4 representative gaps

• A PRK-armed oncolytic adenovirus drives calreticulin exposure for dendritic cell licensing to prime antitumor CD8⁺ T cells and synergizes with anti-PD-1 or CAR-T therapy in colorectal cancer (2026) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi

  The development of effective oncolytic viruses that can selectively replicate within cancer cells and stimulate a systemic antitumor immune response. The need to overcome the counterproductive host response that fosters an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The challenge of translating the findings from preclinical models to human patients.

  generalstated challenges
  Keywords: development effective oncolytic viruses selectively replicate within cancer
• A tumor-on-a-chip model reveals and targets reciprocal macrophage–NK cell crosstalk to advance immunotherapy screening (2026) · Microsystems & Nanoengineering · doi

  The development of a microphysiological system that faithfully recapitulates the complex and dynamic human tumor immune microenvironment. The need to overcome the limitations of existing models, such as cell line models, which have fixed genetics and prolonged in vitro adaptation. The challenge of evaluating the efficacy of combination immunotherapies in a multicellular context.

  generalstated challengesevidence 5/5
  Keywords: development microphysiological system faithfully recapitulates complex dynamic human
• Cancer Cell-Intrinsic Programs That Shape Tumor Immune Ecosystems (2026) · Cancer Biome and Targeted Therapy · doi

  Strategies that combine mechanistic insights with precise therapeutic design are needed to translate insights into lasting clinical benefits. Further research is needed to understand the complex interactions between cancer cells and the immune microenvironment. The development of novel therapies that target cancer cell-intrinsic programs is an area of future research.

  generalfuture-work sectionevidence 4/5
  Keywords: strategies combine mechanistic insights precise therapeutic design needed
• A tumor-on-a-chip model reveals and targets reciprocal macrophage–NK cell crosstalk to advance immunotherapy screening (2026) · Microsystems & Nanoengineering · doi

  Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of other immunotherapies on the tumor microenvironment. The development of more personalized TIMoC models using patient-derived tumor spheroids and autologous immune cells is needed. Investigation of the underlying mechanisms of the self-perpetuating immunosuppressive loop is required.

  generalfuture-work sectionevidence 4/5
  Keywords: further studies needed investigate effects other immunotherapies tumor

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