Inherent requirement for low-viscosity bioinks imposes constraints on the mechanical stability of printed constructs

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the limitations section and stated challenges and future work of the source papers, classified as general, drawn from work published between 2025 and 2026, spanning 3 journals. Those papers have been cited 19 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 4 representative gaps

• Advances in 3D Bioprinting for Scaffold-Based and Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (2026) · Gels · cited 1× · doi

  inherent requirement for low-viscosity bioinks imposes constraints on the mechanical stability of printed constructs, - achieving functional vascularization remains a critical limitation, - slow fusion kinetics, - limited early mechanical stability, - difficulty in fabricating large-scale constructs, - diffusion constraints, - requirement for prolonged in vitro maturation prior to implantation

  generallimitations section
  Keywords: inherent requirement low-viscosity bioinks imposes constraints mechanical stability
• hBM-MSC-Laden 3D Bioprinted Gelatin–Alginate Hydrogels: Physicochemical Characterisation and Osteogenic Lineage Commitment (2026) · Gels · cited 1× · doi

  The need to optimize the bioink composition and printing parameters to achieve stable construct formation and suitable mechanical properties. The challenge of maintaining the viability and functionality of the encapsulated cells within the 3D bioprinted constructs. The limitation of the study to a single bioink composition and the need for further research on the systematic variation of material ratios.

  generalstated challenges
  Keywords: need optimize bioink composition printing parameters achieve stable
• Hydrogel-Based Bioinks for Coaxial and Triaxial Bioprinting: A Review of Material Properties, Printing Techniques, and Applications (2025) · Polymers · cited 17× · doi

  The advancements in 3D bioprinting, particularly in coaxial and triaxial bioprinting, have emerged from the dire need to develop an approach for rapidly and efficiently fabricating vascularized tissues. These tissues not only hold promise for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine but also offer significant potential for disease modelling and drug screening. The collaborative efforts of researchers from diverse disciplines have led to the evolution of 3D bioprinting. Recent progress in mechatronics, aimed at creating robust and efficient bioprinting machines, along with advancements in cell culture and biomaterial science, enabling the utilization of various bioink combinations for scaffold preparation, has propelled coaxial bioprinting as a preferred method for tissue construction. These bioprinting approaches facilitate the production of constructs in a single step, eliminating the need for additional post-extrusion processing. Depending on the type of nozzle employed, whether coaxial or triaxial, complex tissue constructs with varying properties can be generated. However, as emerging fields, further studies are required to address existing limitations. The potential for in situ crosslinking improves construct resolution, thereby enabling cell-cell and cell-material interactions. An exciting aspect of both coaxial and triaxial bioprinting lies in the development of biomimetic scaffold materials. Moreover, coaxial bioprinting enables the fabrication of drug- and biomolecule-loaded constructs, which could prove invaluable in various cell culture and drug screening analyses [12]. Coupled with advancements in automation and organoid bioprinting platforms, drug assays are anticipated to be significantly expedited. For future advancements, the selection of hydrogel bioinks should be carefully considered based on the desired properties and specific application requirements. A key factor in this decision-making process is the bioprinting technique, which directly influences the quality of the printed constructs. Additionally, the choice of nozzle tip is critical for achieving the desired structural outcomes, such as filaments, tubes, and multilayered constructs. For instance, as shown in Figure 17A, we developed a nozzle with equal needle-lengths [31,33], expanding upon our idea to create a design capable of printing core filaments with good mechanical properties and good cell viability. This approach successfully balanced mechanical and cellular properties, resulting in good cell viability. This nozzle design could be further explored in the future for printing fibers with improved cellular response, enhanced printability, and better shape fidelity. In contrast, the nozzle tip shown in Figure 17B, with a shorter inner core length, was designed by us, drawi

  generalfuture workevidence 5/5
  Keywords: bioprinting cell coaxial constructs nozzle advancements drug properties triaxial tissue good need approach tissues signi
• Bibliometric and Visualized Analysis of 3D Printing in Cartilage Repair (2026) · Aesthetic Plastic Surgery · doi

  Developing advanced bioinks for functional tissue regeneration is a primary research challenge in 3D bioprinting. The study identifies the need for a comprehensive overview of the research landscape and developmental trends in the application of 3D printing for cartilage repair and regeneration. The analysis reveals the challenge of identifying research hotspots and emerging advancements in 3D printing for cartilage repair.

  generalstated challengesevidence 5/5
  Keywords: developing advanced bioinks functional tissue regeneration primary research

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