References Emerging hardware will reinforce this agenda

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the future work of the source papers, classified as general, spanning 4 journals.

Supporting evidence — 4 representative gaps

• Joint Denoising and Motion-Correction for Low-Dose CT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Using Deep Learning (2026) · Electronics · doi

  Besides addressing the limitations explicitly mentioned in Section 7, future research will focus on several directions. First, alternative network architectures and loss functions will be explored to enhance joint noise–motion correction further. Second, the framework will be extended to additional anatomical regions and low-dose clinical CT applications affected by physiological motion. Third, validation on human datasets will be pursued to assess clinical utility in real-world perfusion analysis. Finally, advanced ensemble strategies and broader comparisons with state-of-the-art sequential pipelines will be investigated to refine the integration of denoising and deformable registration. Although fixed ensemble weights were sufficient in this study, adaptive or patient-specific weighting strategies may further improve stability and will be explored in future work. Collectively, these efforts aim to support the development of a more broadly applicable and artifact-tolerant reconstruction pipeline for low-dose dynamic imaging. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.H., A.S. and M.R.E.-S.; methodology and soft- ware/computer program, M.H.; validation, M.R.E.-S., A.S. and M.H.; investigation, M.H.; resources, M.H., M.R.E.-S. and A.S.; data acquisition, A.S.; writing—original draft preparation, M.H.; writing— review and editing, M.R.E.-S. and A.S.; supervision, M.R.E.-S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Animal Use Subcommittee/University Council on Animal Care of the University of Western Ontario (Protocol Approval Number #2009-092 and date of approval: 2009). Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable. Data Availability Statement: The data is not public domain data and not available for sharing. Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thank Tamanna Zahan (Radiology and Imaging), Department of Radiology and Imaging, Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College & Hospital, Bangladesh, for her valuable contribution as a subject matter expert in the qualitative evaluation and scoring of the reconstructed CT perfusion images. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

  generalfuture work
  Keywords: imaging authors statement future explored motion further dose clinical validation perfusion ensemble strategies applicable writing
• Whole-Body Dynamic Positron Emission and Computed Tomography (WBD-PET/CT): Latest Developments, Challenges and Opportunities (2026) · Diagnostics · doi

  The future of whole-body dynamic PET/CT (WBD-PET/CT) is expected to be shaped less by the introduction of entirely new scanner concepts and more by the clinical transla- tion, standardization, and validation of technologies that are already emerging in current practice [60]. Long-axial-field-of-view (LAFOV) PET/CT scanners, silicon photomultiplier- based detectors, time-of-flight reconstruction, and automated parametric imaging have already demonstrated the ability to support whole-body or near whole-body dynamic acquisitions with improved sensitivity, reduced scan duration, lower injected activity, and simultaneous kinetic assessment across multiple organs [72]. Therefore, the next major step will be the development of robust, reproducible, and indication-specific clinical workflows that can integrate WBD-PET/CT into routine imaging without substantially increasing patient burden, scanner occupancy, or interpretation complexity [71]. Shortened dynamic protocols based on population-based or image-derived input functions have already shown that clinically feasible 20–30 min dynamic FDG PET acquisitions can generate multipara- metric images with acceptable quantitative performance, suggesting that future work should focus on multicenter validation, harmonization across vendors, and tracer-specific optimization rather than simply proving technical feasibility. Recent studies have shown that 20-min dynamic whole-body FDG PET using scaled population-based input functions can provide multiparametric imaging without compromising image quality or precision, while other LAFOV studies reported substantial scan-time reductions for Patlak Ki imaging with limited loss of quantitative accuracy [19,42,56]. A key future direction will be the definition of clinically actionable kinetic biomarkers. Although SUV-based PET/CT remains practical and widely established, WBD-PET/CT can provide complementary parameters such as net influx rate, distribution volume, perfusion-related indices, receptor-binding metrics, washout rates, and voxel-wise para- metric maps [18]. These parameters may improve lesion characterization, therapy response assessment, systemic disease evaluation, and theranostic dosimetry, but their clinical value must be demonstrated against established endpoints, including diagnostic accuracy, prog- nostic stratification, treatment selection, patient outcome, and cost-effectiveness [38,43,75]. Dynamic and delayed total-body PET studies already suggest that parametric imaging can increase lesion conspicuity by separating biologically relevant tracer uptake compo- nents from nonspecific background signal; however, implementation remains limited by acquisition complexity, long protocols, and the need for standardized interpretation criteria. Future research should therefore prioritize disease-specific evidence, including oncology, neuroendocrine tumors, cardiovascular inflammation, infection/inflammation imaging, and radionuclide therapy planning, where k

  generalfuture work
  Keywords: dynamic imaging body based future whole already clinical specific scanner validation long lafov time parametric
• Opportunistic Screening on PET/CT and SPECT/CT in the Era of Artificial Intelligence. Part 2. Functional Biomarkers from PET and SPECT (2026) · Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi

  References Emerging hardware will reinforce this agenda. Long-axial- field-of-view PET covers most or all of the body in a single bed position with a sensitivity gain that can be redirected toward ultra-low-dose acquisition [27], enabling simultane- ous multi-organ readouts from one study [28]. This reframes opportunistic screening from salvaging an adjunct acquisi- tion toward deliberate low-dose whole-person imaging. For the nuclear medicine community in Korea and beyond, where PET/CT and SPECT/CT volumes grow alongside an aging population with a high cardiometabolic burden, the opportunity to extract more from existing studies is unlikely to return once workflows are set. Standardized acquisition and reconstruction protocols, structured reporting of these measurements, and prospective cohorts linking the readouts to outcomes are practical near-term steps. The coregistered CT has already extended hybrid imaging beyond the index indication. The same intent should now extend to PET and SPECT. Acknowledgements None. Author Contribution SH Lee participated in study conception, drafting of the manuscript, and approval of the final content of the manuscript. Funding This work was supported by the Hallym University Medi- cal Center Research Fund (No. 7S260101255S000100) and by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science and ICT, MSIT) (No. RS- 2026-25496731). Data Availability Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

  generalfuture work
  Keywords: korea toward dose acquisition readouts imaging beyond spect manuscript references emerging hardware reinforce agenda long
• LAFOV PET as an enabling platform for pharmacokinetics-informed digital twins (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi

  Dynamic LAFOV PET provides high-sensitivity, time- resolved measurements of tracer distribution across multiple organs within a single examination. Established kinetic modeling and parametric imaging methods can convert these data into patient-specific TACs, tracer-kinetic parameters, and tissue-exposure measures that can inform PBPK models. These capabilities establish LAFOV PET as an enabling technology for integrating individualized PK information into medical digital twins. The next step is to translate this technical capability into clinically remains actionable PK-informed DTs. What experimental is not the acquisition of multi-organ kinetic data itself, but its integration into iteratively updated models that quantify uncertainty, predict therapeutic tissue exposure, and prospectively inform dosing or treatment selection. Applications in oncology, theranostics, and drug development provide promising starting points, although current evidence is largely based on feasibility studies and limited patient cohorts. infectious diseases, Clinical translation will require establishing which PET- derived tracer-kinetic parameters are sufficiently repeatable and clinically actionable, under which conditions tracer kinetics can represent drug or radiopharmaceutical behavior, and how dynamic acquisitions, input functions, reconstruction methods, and kinetic models should be harmonized across centers. Further research must also establish how imaging data should update PBPK models, how predictive uncertainty should be communicated, and whether model-informed decisions improve patient outcomes in prospective multicenter studies. Altogether, the ability of LAFOV PET to characterize simultaneous multi-organ kinetics provides the technological foundation for linking measured multi-organ tracer kinetics and tissue exposure with predictive computational models. With continued standardization, validation, and integration, LAFOV PET-enabled PK-informed DTs could advance from proof-of- for frameworks concept personalized medicine. decision-grade tools into

  generalfuture work
  Keywords: tracer kinetic models lafov patient tissue exposure informed multi organ kinetics dynamic provides across imaging

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