The complexity of internal electrochemical reactions in lithium-ion batteries

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the stated research gap and stated challenges and future work of the source papers, classified as general, drawn from work published between 2024 and 2026, spanning 3 journals. Those papers have been cited 131 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 4 representative gaps

• Beyond Conventional Systems: How Solid-State Batteries Empower Energy Storage and Microgrid Development in Extraterrestrial Extreme Environments (2026) · Batteries · doi

  The paper identifies a research gap in the development of energy storage solutions that can operate in extreme environments. It highlights the limitations of conventional lithium-ion batteries in such environments. The paper notes that solid-state batteries could address these limitations but require further development to overcome challenges such as solid-solid interfacial instability and low-temperature performance.

  generalstated research gap
  Keywords: paper identifies research gap development energy storage solutions
• Numerical Simulation and Optimization of a Novel Battery Box Wall and Contour-Finned Structure in Air-Cooled Battery Thermal Management Systems (2026) · Batteries · cited 3× · doi

  The complexity of internal electrochemical reactions in lithium-ion batteries. The need to develop a novel structural design that can enhance heat dissipation capability in air-cooled battery thermal management systems. The challenge of ensuring that the maximum temperature and temperature difference remain within acceptable limits after high-rate discharge.

  generalstated challenges
  Keywords: complexity internal electrochemical reactions lithium-ion batteries need develop
• Recent advances in all-solid-state batteries for commercialization (2024) · Materials Chemistry Frontiers · cited 128× · doi

  This review provided a comprehensive examination of the challenges and emerging research trends in the field of ASSBs, with the ultimate goal of facilitating their commercialization, going beyond the discussion of the advancements in ASSBs and exploring the potential applications of all-solid-state electro- lytes in other next-generation battery technologies. The key contents of this article are organized into three main themes. First, it addresses the crucial considerations for the successful commercialization of ASSBs and highlights the key challenges that need to be overcome. Second, this review delves into the strategies that researchers have employed to address these challenges, providing insights into the latest developments in this field. Finally, this article explores alternative applications of SEs beyond ASSBs, shedding light on their potential use in other battery technologies. In addition to the factors mentioned in this review, several other considerations must be addressed for the practical application of next-generation batteries in EVs. Many recent studies have focused on showcasing battery performance at high temperatures and maintaining the contact area under high-pressure conditions. However, for practical applications, ASSBs must demonstrate excel- lent performance at room temperature and low operating pres- sures, particularly in pouch-cell-type configurations, rather than just in high-pressure press cell types. This poses a significant challenge that requires further research and improvement. Further- more, advancements in anode technology are essential to ensure the successful commercialization of solid-state batteries. Lithium metal is a leading candidate for ASSB anodes, and research on lithium-free anodes is actively ongoing.174,175 Additionally, research on low-reactivity silicon anodes is in progress, with studies report- ing on their exceptional performance using additive-free, electrolyte-free, and void-free silicon wafer electrodes.176 Overall, this comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals seeking guidance and solutions for the commercialization of ASSBs. By covering a wide range of topics, from challenges to strategies this review offers important and alternative applications, insights and directions for advancing the field and realizing the full potential of ASSBs.

  generalfuture workevidence 5/5
  Keywords: assbs review challenges commercialization applications free field potential battery performance high anodes comprehensive beyond advancements
• Low-Temperature All-Solid-State Batteries (2026) · Nano-Micro Letters · doi

  With the rapid expansion of energy storage applications into harsh environments, the demand for batteries capable of reliable operation at sub-zero temperatures has never been greater. ASSBs have significant potential due to their non- flammable SEs, improved thermal stability, and enhanced safety compared to conventional LIBs. However, despite  3 Page 28 of 35 Nano-Micro Lett. (2027) 19:3 Fig. 11 Key strategies from the material to the system level for stable low-temperature operation notable advancements, achieving stable performance under extremely low-temperature conditions remains a critical challenge. As shown in Fig. 11, future research must take a comprehensive approach that integrates interfacial engi- neering, electrode architecture optimization, mechanistic understanding, and system-level strategies to overcome the intrinsic Li-ion transport and stability limitations of ASSBs at low temperatures. At room temperature, ionic transport properties vary significantly depending on the material system. Transition- metal oxide cathodes typically exhibit Li-ion diffusivity in the range of 10−14 to 10−9 cm2  s −1, while graphite anodes show relatively higher values on the order of 10−7 to 10−6 cm2  s −1 at room temperature [138–141]. Solid electrolytes exhibit a wide range of ionic conductivities depending on their material type. Sulfide-based solid electrolytes typi- cally show high ionic conductivities on the order of 10 −2 S cm−1, whereas oxide- and polymer-based systems generally exhibit lower values around 10−4 S cm−1 [142–146]. How- ever, under low-temperature conditions, ionic transport in all these systems is significantly suppressed due to reduced ion mobility. Therefore, achieving ionic transport properties that approach those at room temperature, or at least maintaining comparable orders of magnitude, remains a critical challenge for enabling reliable low-temperature ASSB operation. One of the most critical challenges in low-temperature ASSBs lies at the solid–solid interfaces, where poor physi- cal contact, interfacial side reactions, and unstable inter- phases collectively hinder Li-ion transport. At sub-zero temperatures, thermal contraction and mechanical mismatch exacerbate contact loss, leading to non-uniform Li-ion flux. Unintended interfacial side reactions can block Li-ion trans- port pathways and increase interfacial resistance, thereby accelerating overall cell degradation. Future research should focus on advanced interfacial engineering strategies, such as the introduction of artificial buffer layers, surface modi- fication techniques, and optimized electrode composites, to maintain robust and stable solid–solid contacts under harsh conditions. In addition to interfacial stability, the design of elec- trode architecture plays a critical role in enhancing low- temperature performance. High-loading electrodes suffer from severe Li-ion transport li

  generalfuture workevidence 5/5
  Keywords: temperature interfacial transport solid ionic critical operation temperatures assbs stability strategies material system stable conditions

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