The limited availability of ground-based observations in data-scarce regions

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the stated challenges and stated research gap and future-work section of the source papers, classified as general, drawn from work published between 2025 and 2026, spanning 4 journals. Those papers have been cited 11 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 8 representative gaps

• Streamflow dynamics under integrated land use-climate change impacts in the Upper Krishna Basin, India (2026) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi

  The study faces challenges in simulating future streamflow conditions due to the uncertainty in climate projections. The study faces challenges in evaluating the impact of LULC changes on streamflow dynamics. The study faces challenges in integrating the impacts of climate change and LULC changes on streamflow dynamics.

  generalstated challengesevidence 5/5
  Keywords: study faces challenges simulating future streamflow conditions due
• Integration of Satellite-Derived Meteorological Inputs into SWAT, XGBoost, WGAN, and Hybrid Modelling Frameworks for Climate Change-Driven Streamflow Simulation in a Data-Scarce Region (2026) · Water · cited 4× · doi

  The limited availability of ground-based observations in data-scarce regions. The lack of exploration of the transferability of satellite-derived datasets across different model classes. The need for reliable hydrological models for climate change-driven streamflow simulation in data-scarce regions.

  generalstated research gapevidence 5/5
  Keywords: limited availability ground-based observations data-scarce regions lack exploration
• Evaluation of hydroclimatic biases in the Community Earth System Model (CESM1) within the Mississippi River basin (2025) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · cited 1× · doi

  The paper identifies the gap in the current understanding of hydrologic changes in the Mississippi River basin. Several key hydrologic processes that regulate river discharge remain poorly constrained in earth system models. The study aims to address this gap by evaluating the hydroclimatic biases in CESM1 within the Mississippi River basin.

  generalstated research gapevidence 5/5
  Keywords: paper identifies gap current understanding hydrologic changes mississippi
• Evaluation of hydroclimatic biases in the Community Earth System Model (CESM1) within the Mississippi River basin (2025) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · cited 1× · doi

  The paper identifies the challenge of uncertainties around future streamflow conditions due to poorly constrained hydrologic processes in earth system models. The study also mentions the challenge of evaluating the performance of earth system models in simulating hydrologic processes. The paper notes the challenge of comparing model output to observational data, particularly in terms of the timing of peak discharge.

  generalstated challengesevidence 5/5
  Keywords: paper identifies challenge uncertainties around future streamflow conditions
• Technical note: High Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiencies conceal poor simulations of interannual variance in seasonal regimes (2026) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · cited 1× · doi

  The paper identifies a gap in the evaluation of hydrologic models, which typically rely on aggregate performance metrics that do not differentiate between seasonal, interannual, and irregular variance components. There is a need to develop evaluation metrics that are suitable for both the study location and model purpose.

  generalstated research gapevidence 5/5
  Keywords: paper identifies gap evaluation hydrologic models typically rely
• Uncertainty, temporal variability, and influencing factors of empirical streamflow sensitivities (2026) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · cited 2× · doi

  The paper identifies the challenge of high uncertainty in estimating streamflow sensitivities, especially for potential evaporation. It also identifies the challenge of correlation between precipitation and potential evaporation. The paper mentions the challenge of dealing with noise in the data and the need to decide on the fitting method when applying regression analysis.

  generalstated challengesevidence 5/5
  Keywords: paper identifies challenge high uncertainty estimating streamflow sensitivities
• Multi-Objective Calibration of a Pre-Modern Nile Hydrologic Model Using Recovered Records (2026) · Hydrology · cited 1× · doi

  The lack of robust hydrological models for the Nile River Basin due to its complex hydrology and sparse hydrologic records. The need for a model that can capture regional hydroclimate disruptions. The limitation of existing models in reproducing observed discharges under near-natural flow conditions.

  generalstated research gapevidence 5/5
  Keywords: lack robust hydrological models nile river basin due
• Technical note: High Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiencies conceal poor simulations of interannual variance in seasonal regimes (2026) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · cited 1× · doi

  Further research is needed to evaluate the performance of hydrologic models in simulating interannual variability, - Studies should consider using more nuanced evaluation metrics that account for the different components of streamflow variability, - Research should focus on developing models that can accurately simulate interannual variability in highly seasonal catchments

  generalfuture-work sectionevidence 4/5
  Keywords: further research needed evaluate performance hydrologic models simulating

Questions about this gap