The research, noting that generalizations to other ethnic minorities are often made from the results of studies involving Black participants

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the recommendations and stated challenges and stated research gap and future-work section of the source papers, classified as general, drawn from work published between 1970 and 1985, spanning 4 journals. Those papers have been cited 87 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 8 representative gaps

• Race and the Counseling Process: An Overview (1976) · Journal of Employment Counseling · cited 1× · doi

  The issues discussed in this article suggest that counselor training programs as they exist have not provided students adequate preparation for working with the Black population. T h e counseling profession needs to reexamine its present approach to training counselors; it can no longer be assumed that techniques and strategies that are successful with one group of clients will work effectively with another group. Educators must ensure that their students are provided oppor- tunities to have direct contact and experiences with individuals from varied cultural, educational, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Counselors need to be made aware that clients are individuals with rights, needs, attitudes, and values that may conflict with or be different from the counselor’s but must nevertheless be understood, appreciated, and accepted. Counselors should be trained to adjust to client needs, attitudes, and prefer- ences. Training programs should embrace systematic activities that provide stu- dents with experiences and skills in working with individuals from different cultures who have different needs, values, and expectations. Specifically, coun- selors need to acquire an awareness and appreciation of the influence of race on the counseling process and outcome. They need to acknowledge that the results of social conditions in this century are the lack of confidence in and basic distrust that many Blacks have of counselors who are white. One of the primary barriers that must be overcome in interracial relationships is counselors’ insensitivity to Black clients’ reactions to negative interracial experiences. REFERENCES .\dams, W. A. The Negro patient in psychiatric treatment. American Journal of Onbopsyrbiatry, 1950, 20, 305-3 10. Arbuckle. D. S. The alienated counselor. Personnel and Cuidonce Journal, 1969, 48, 18-23. ;\yen, G. E. The disadvantaged. An analysis of factors affecting the counseling relationships, Rebabilitation Literature, 1970, 31, 194199. Banks, G. P.; Berenson, B. G.; & Carkhuff, R. R. The effects of counselor race and training upon counseling process with Negro clients in initial interviews. Journal ofClinical Psychology, 1967, 23, 70-72. Banks, W. The Black client and the helping professionals. In R. L. Jones (Ed.), Black Psychology. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. Pp. 205-212. Baratz, J. Language and cognitive assessment of Negro children. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association. San Francisco, 1968. Brown, L. B. Race as a factor in establishing a casework relationship. Social Casework, 1950, ? I , 91-97. Calia, V. F. The culturally deprived client: .4 reformulation of the counselor’s role. Journal of Counseling P s y c w , 1966. I ? , 100-105. Carkhuff, R., & Pierce, R. Differential effects of therapist race and social class upon patient depth

  generalrecommendations
  Keywords: counselor counseling counselors training black needs clients race journal must experiences individuals need different client
• Counseling the Culturally Different (1982) · Counseling and Values · cited 2× · doi

  Counselors must be aware of their own values and prejudices to effectively counsel culturally different clients. Counselors must be prepared to treat all clients with some degree of equality. Counselors may need to adopt alternative strategies for help, such as consulting approaches or institutional change approaches, to effectively serve culturally different clients.

  generalstated challengesevidence 5/5
  Keywords: counselors must aware own values prejudices effectively counsel
• ALTERNATIVES TO COUNSELING “MINORITIES” (1974) · Counseling and Values · cited 1× · doi

  The paper identifies a gap in the current counseling approaches, which often focus on specific minority groups rather than people as humans. The gap is in the development of counseling models that can be used with minority groups. The paper aims to fill this gap by proposing alternatives to counseling minorities.

  generalstated research gapevidence 5/5
  Keywords: paper identifies gap current counseling approaches often focus
• ALTERNATIVES TO COUNSELING “MINORITIES” (1974) · Counseling and Values · cited 1× · doi

  Future research could explore the effectiveness of the here and now models of counseling with different minority groups. Research could also investigate the impact of self-responsibility and self-control on the counseling process. Further study could examine the application of the counseling models discussed in the paper to different settings, such as schools or community organizations.

  generalfuture-work sectionevidence 5/5
  Keywords: future research explore effectiveness here now models counseling
• BARRIERS IN CROSS‐CULTURAL COUNSELING (1974) · Counseling and Values · cited 11× · doi

  Future research should focus on developing effective strategies for addressing the barriers that exist in cross-cultural counseling. Researchers should investigate the impact of cultural awareness and sensitivity training on counseling outcomes. Further study is needed to understand the experiences of minority group clients in counseling relationships.

  generalfuture-work sectionevidence 5/5
  Keywords: future research focus developing effective strategies addressing barriers
• A Meta‐Review of Research on Cross‐Cultural Counseling and Psychotherapy (1985) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · cited 63× · doi

  The paper identifies a gap in the research, noting that generalizations to other ethnic minorities are often made from the results of studies involving Black participants. The study notes that the data in the area of counselor prejudice and stereotyping are too limited to draw definite conclusions.

  generalstated research gapevidence 5/5
  Keywords: paper identifies gap research noting generalizations other ethnic
• Social and Developmental Psychology: Trends Influencing the Future of Counseling (1980) · The Personnel and Guidance Journal · cited 7× · doi

  Further research is needed to understand the implications of the changing socioeconomic, sociocultural, and demographic factors for the field of counseling. Further research is needed to develop effective strategies for counselors to work with clients from diverse backgrounds and with different needs.

  generalfuture-work sectionevidence 4/5
  Keywords: further research needed understand implications changing socioeconomic sociocultural
• A COMPARISON OF THE NUMBER OF COUNSELING INTERVIEWS HELD WITH NEGRO AND NON‐NEGRO COUNSELEES (1970) · Journal of Employment Counseling · cited 1× · doi

  The study suggests that further research is needed to explore the differences between counselors in their success in dealing with Negro clients. The study highlights the importance of considering the quality of the counseling relationship and the client's self-understanding in determining the effectiveness of counseling services.

  generalfuture-work sectionevidence 4/5
  Keywords: study suggests further research needed explore differences between

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