The study used a cross-sectional survey method, which may not capture the dynamic nature of the relationships between variables

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the limitations section of the source papers, classified as general, drawn from work published between 2024 and 2025, spanning 2 journals. Those papers have been cited 15 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• The Relationship Between Bullying Victimization and Malevolent Creativity in Chinese Middle School Students: A Moderated Chain Mediation Model (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · cited 2× · doi

  its reliance on self-reported data may have led to social desirability bias - the cross-sectional design employed in this study could not fully establish causal relationships due to the lack of temporal precedence - the sample was limited to Anhui Province only, lacking representativeness of other regions or socio-economic levels, which may affect the external validity - socioeconomic status and school type (urban/rural) were not collected, which may have limited generalizability - the fact that this study did not involve a pilot program is also an important limitation

  generallimitations section
  Keywords: reliance self-reported data have led social desirability bias
• The Impact of Proactive Personality on Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy: The Role of AI Acceptance and Innovation Skills (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · cited 11× · doi

  reliance on self-reported data could lead to social desirability bias - cross-sectional nature of the study limits the ability to establish causal relationships - the sample of the study was recruited from a university in Guangdong Province, China, which could bring certain biases into the findings - lack of direct measurement of actual AI competencies

  generallimitations section
  Keywords: reliance self-reported data lead social desirability bias cross-sectional
• Online Depression Communities as a Complementary Approach to Improving the Attitudes of Patients With Depression Toward Medication Adherence: Cross-Sectional Survey Study (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · cited 2× · doi

  The study used a cross-sectional survey method, which may not capture the dynamic nature of the relationships between variables, - The study relied on self-reported data, which may be subject to biases, - The study did not control for all potential confounding variables, - The generalizability of the findings may be limited to the Chinese context

  generallimitations sectionevidence 5/5
  Keywords: study used cross-sectional survey method capture dynamic nature

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