The toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of synthetic

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the limitations and stated research gap and stated challenges of the source papers, classified as general, drawn from work published between 2025 and 2026, spanning 4 journals. Those papers have been cited 1 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 4 representative gaps

• Inorganic Chemistry, Polymer Chemistry, and Solid State Chemistry Editor's Pick 2024 (2025) · Frontiers Research Topics · doi

  Textile industries are the major contributors to water and general environmental pollution as they release undesirable dye effluents (Yaseen and Scholz, 2019). Conventional wastewater treatment methods biological) and demonstrate several in the elimination of dyes, including low removal efficiencies towards non-biodegradable and refractory organic dyes as well as lengthy treatment times (Crini and Lichtfouse, 2019). These traditional methods are also not very destructive, and usually work by changing the dyes to another form and therefore cause the formation of secondary pollutants. A plethora of research has thus been conducted on the use of sonophotocatalysis as an alternative treatment method for wastewaters containing dyes as listed in Table 2 (Vinu and Madras, 2009; Paramarta and Saleh, 2018; Lops et al., 2019; Razaghi et al., 2021; Al-Hawary et al., 2023; Kucukcongar et al., 2023). et al. Al-Hawary (2023) depicted the mechanism of sonophotocatalytic treatment of dyes, using acid red 14 (AR14) as a model pollutant as shown in Figure 5. They reported that the AR14 dye removal can be achieved in solution and catalyst surface through sonolysis and sonocatalytic processes. They also reported that the combination of ultrasound and light radiation was highly efficient as it enhanced the formation of e–/h+ pairs in the valence and conduction bands of particles resulting in increased ROS generation. Their research findings also showed that the removal efficiency of AR14 increased with increasing operating parameters such as nanoparticle content, ultrasound frequency, and radiation power, while it decreased with increasing the initial pH and initial concentration of AR14 (Al-Hawary et al., 2023). Just as with photocatalysis, the degradation efficiency in the sonophotocatalysis process can be influenced by the morphology of materials used, since photosensitization occurs on the surface of the semiconductor. To prove this, Lops et al.

  generallimitationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: dyes treatment removal hawary formation sonophotocatalysis lops reported catalyst surface ultrasound radiation increased ciency increasing
• Ecofriendly bionanomaterials for dye laden wastewater treatment through synthesis characterization adsorption and photocatalysis (2026) · Discover Environment · cited 1× · doi

  Conventional treatment methods often fail to achieve complete removal or generate secondary waste. There is a need for sustainable alternatives for dye removal from wastewater. Bionanomaterials have the potential to address this gap.

  generalstated research gapevidence 5/5
  Keywords: conventional treatment methods often fail achieve complete removal
• Preparation, Characterisation, and Application of a Chitosan–Zeolite Adsorbent for Efficient Congo Red Dye Removal from Aqueous solutions (2026) · Sustainable Engineering · doi

  The toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of synthetic dyes. The chemical stability of synthetic dyes making them difficult to break down. The lack of effective treatment methods for synthetic dye removal.

  generalstated challengesevidence 5/5
  Keywords: toxicity potential carcinogenicity synthetic dyes chemical stability making
• Photocatalytic, electrochemical and photoelectrocatalytic degradation of the reactive dye Turquoise Tiafix R2G using LaFeO3 perovskite (2026) · Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering · doi

  The development of increasingly efficient catalytic materials is crucial for the treatment of industrial effluents. The search for advanced and more sustainable dye degradation technologies has stimulated the development of new materials and techniques.

  generalstated research gapevidence 5/5
  Keywords: development increasingly efficient catalytic materials crucial treatment industrial

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