There is limited empirical evidence describing how

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the stated research gap and abstract and recommendations and future-work section and stated challenges of the source papers, classified as general, drawn from work published between 2024 and 2026, spanning 4 journals. Those papers have been cited 72 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 7 representative gaps

• Determinants of Smallholder Farmers’ Decisions to Use Multiple Climate-Smart Agricultural Technologies in North Wello Zone, Northern Ethiopia (2024) · Sustainability · cited 35× · doi

  The lack of understanding of the determinants of smallholder farmers' adoption of climate-smart agriculture technologies. The need for a comprehensive CSA package within an agroecological framework. The importance of investigating the complementarities between CSA technologies.

  generalstated research gap
  Keywords: lack understanding determinants smallholder farmers adoption climate-smart agriculture
• Determinants of Smallholder Farmers’ Decisions to Use Multiple Climate-Smart Agricultural Technologies in North Wello Zone, Northern Ethiopia (2024) · Sustainability · cited 35× · doi

  The complementarities that exist between CSA technologies may require further investigation into how such complementarities have benefits in terms of improving land productivity and food security and reducing climate-related risks for smallholder farmers in Ethiopia and other contexts.

  generalabstract
  Keywords: complementarities exist technologies require further investigation benefits terms improving land productivity food security reducing climate
• Evaluating the Adoption Levels of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices: A Case Study of Mpongwe District, Copperbelt Zambia (2026) · International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies · cited 1× · doi

  for policymakers and development agencies on how to increase CSA uptake in Zambia. The study will also provide valuable insights for smallholder community-based farmers, organizations on the benefits and challenges of CSA, helping them make informed decisions about the adoption of CSA practices. Ultimately, this research will contribute to agricultural enhancing sustainability, and increasing the climate resilience of smallholder farmers in Zambia.

  generalrecommendationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: zambia smallholder farmers policymakers development agencies increase uptake provide valuable insights community based organizations benefits
• Can agricultural cooperatives promote farmers’ adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices? Evidence from three provinces in Central and Western China (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi

  The study identifies a research gap in the existing literature on the impact of cooperatives on CSA adoption. The study notes that despite significant progress made in farmers' adoption of CSA, it still needs to be further researched whether cooperatives can promote this adoption.

  generalstated research gapevidence 5/5
  Keywords: study identifies research gap existing literature impact cooperatives
• Determinants of Adopting Climate-Smart Agriculture Practices by Small-Scale Urban Crop Farmers in eThekwini Municipality (2026) · Sustainability · doi

  Further research should be conducted to examine the adoption of CSA practices in other regions. Studies should investigate the impact of CSA practices on urban food security and sustainability. Research should focus on developing integrated, custom, and UA context-specific policy and extension interventions to strengthen urban food system resilience.

  generalfuture-work sectionevidence 5/5
  Keywords: further research conducted examine adoption csa practices other
• Determinants of Adopting Climate-Smart Agriculture Practices by Small-Scale Urban Crop Farmers in eThekwini Municipality (2026) · Sustainability · doi

  The paper identifies challenges related to urbanisation, poverty, and food insecurity. It also highlights the complexity of socio-economic and institutional factors influencing CSA adoption decisions. The study notes the need for integrated and custom policy and extension interventions to strengthen urban food system resilience.

  generalstated challengesevidence 5/5
  Keywords: paper identifies challenges related urbanisation poverty food insecurity
• Adoption and integration of climate smart and nutrition sensitive agriculture practices: evidence from farmer field school approaches in southern Malawi (2026) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · cited 1× · doi

  There is limited empirical evidence describing how integrated CSA and NSA interact at the household level. The study aims to address this gap by examining the adoption and integration of CSA and NSA practices among smallholder farming households in southern Malawi.

  generalstated research gapevidence 5/5
  Keywords: there limited empirical evidence describing integrated csa nsa

Questions about this gap