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Open research questions in Digital Transformation in Law

36 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 718 Digital Transformation in Law papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • Technological determinism Susskind (2013, 2019), Katz (2013), Schwarcz et al. (2025). AI will inevitably and positively transform legal services; algorithms will replace human routine tasks.

    Contemporary trends in the use of artificial intelligence in jurisprudence · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper discusses rapid skill obsolescence due to machine learning speeds exceeding human learning capacity but does not propose specific retraining program structures, legal liability frameworks for employers, or funding mechanisms that would be enforceable through private law when AI systems render worker qualifications obsolete.

    APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LAWMAKING AND PRIVATE LAW · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper identifies declining costs of robot production and auto-programming capabilities as drivers of continued workplace robotization but does not establish validated thresholds or models for predicting when AI-driven automation becomes economically preferable to human labor within specific labor market conditions (wage levels, skill availability, industry type).

    APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LAWMAKING AND PRIVATE LAW · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper cites Kai-Fu Lee's prediction that AI could replace 50% of human jobs within 10 years but does not examine how current labor legislation frameworks in different jurisdictions would handle such large-scale displacement, nor does it propose specific legal mechanisms to address employer incentives for robotization when labor market shortages create competing pressures.

    APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LAWMAKING AND PRIVATE LAW · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper proposes three concrete labor law solutions (restrictions on robot-performable work, human-robot cooperation principles, and position quotas for human workers) but does not specify measurable criteria for determining which tasks should be restricted to humans, nor does it address enforcement mechanisms or how compliance would be monitored in multinational AI-driven workplaces.

    APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LAWMAKING AND PRIVATE LAW · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper projects that over 1/3 of employees may lose jobs within two decades due to AI-driven automation in labor law contexts, but provides no empirical data on which specific occupational categories, skill levels, or geographic regions will experience displacement, nor does it analyze differential impacts across industrial sectors (manufacturing vs. services vs. knowledge work).

    APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LAWMAKING AND PRIVATE LAW · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper identifies three competing legal frameworks for AI authorship in intellectual property law (co-authorship, AI as civil legal entity, and service labor models) but does not provide comparative analysis of how each framework would be applied to specific categories of AI-generated works in private law contexts, nor does it address conflict-of-law issues when AI systems operate across jurisdictions with different authorship recognition standards.

    APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LAWMAKING AND PRIVATE LAW · 2026 · DOI

  • Implementation of AI in the criminal-executive system may be negatively perceived by society as a step toward creating a system of total control and 'remote management' of people, which will provoke criticism.

    Artificial intelligence as one of the directions of modernization of the criminal-executive system · 2026 · DOI

  • Many penitentiary institutions lack necessary equipment, powerful servers, and high-speed internet for deploying and operating complex AI solutions due to outdated IT infrastructure.

    Artificial intelligence as one of the directions of modernization of the criminal-executive system · 2026 · DOI

  • Algorithms trained on historical data may inherit and amplify human biases. For example, if data contains correlation between a certain social group and recidivism, AI may begin to discriminate against representatives of this group by proposing stricter conditions of punishment.

    Artificial intelligence as one of the directions of modernization of the criminal-executive system · 2026 · DOI

  • The research fills a gap that is of particular relevance, in that the compatibility of Russian data-protection law with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) with regard to the field of language technology has not been explored extensively.

    The Use of Human Voice and Speech for Development of Language Technologies: the EU and Russian Data-protection Law Perspectives · 2020 · DOI

  • The existence of the subject of law is not an automatic allocation when the will and the autonomy are awarded, but a tool conferred by the legal system in order to protect the humanity (based on the presupposition of a consciousness that the human being remains to be the only one to have and to suppose at the others).

    Lumen y lux: discusión de un problema semántico · 1982 · DOI

  • Implementation of legal artificial intelligence systems capable of autonomously performing tasks requires methodologically correct development and implementation to optimize staff numbers and increase objectivity and effectiveness of penitentiary institutions.

    Artificial intelligence as one of the directions of modernization of the criminal-executive system · 2026 · DOI

  • Excessive reliance on algorithms may result in human fate (e.g., conditional early release decisions) being determined without proper consideration of human circumstances and individual approach.

    Artificial intelligence as one of the directions of modernization of the criminal-executive system · 2026 · DOI

  • Staff in criminal-executive system institutions generally lack appropriate training to work with artificial intelligence, requiring development of personnel training programs that account for legislative peculiarities and existing administrative-legal restrictions.

    Artificial intelligence as one of the directions of modernization of the criminal-executive system · 2026 · DOI

  • Russia lacks comprehensive legislation regulating the application of artificial intelligence, especially in sensitive areas such as human rights. It is unclear who bears responsibility for errors committed by algorithms (e.g., incorrect recidivism prediction).

    Artificial intelligence as one of the directions of modernization of the criminal-executive system · 2026 · DOI

  • This new method needs to be further studied and developed, as it is crucial for predictability in court decisions and for ensuring legal certainty for technology producers, developers and users.

    Game theory and the legal regulation of technology: in search of equilibrium · 2025 · DOI

  • The considerations made confirm the belief that electronic evidence should be distinguished as a separate type of evidence, because their admissibility should be examined on an individual basis, and the lack of detailed regulations may create numerous practical problems.

    Electronic Evidence in Civil Proceedings on the Background of Comparative Law · 2024 · DOI

  • The administration of the judiciary is an integral part of the structure of the state administration, but human resource management specifically in the judicial administration is still an understudied area.

    Educational Needs of the Judicial Administration in the Context of Digitalization · 2024 · DOI

  • The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the issues of digitalization and the use of blockchain technologies in notarial practice are currently poorly studied, which leads to increased interest in these issues.

    THE IMPORTANCE OF NOTARIAL ACTIVITY IN PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF INDIVIDUALS AND LEGAL ENTITIES · 2024 · DOI

  • There is, therefore, a necessity to undertake further research into the application of modern technologies in the Chinese judiciary and to assess their effectiveness through the prism of the emerging risks they entail.

    „Roboty w togach” i rozprawy na WeChatcie? Analiza przyczyn i sposobów wykorzystania nowych technologii w chińskim sądownictwie oraz charakterystyka zagrożeń z tym związanych · 2023 · DOI

  • This article contends that although most legal systems could create a novel category of legal persons, such arguments are insufficient to show that they should.

    ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND THE LIMITS OF LEGAL PERSONALITY · 2020 · DOI

  • Although no specific difference has been identified in terms of intentional offenses, the rules related to cautiousness and the criteria for foreseeability should be examined in detail.

    Criminal Responsibility Arising From Usage of Autonomos Vehicles: A General Review in the context of Turkish Penal Law · 2018 · DOI

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36 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 718 Digital Transformation in Law papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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