Accurately quantifying battery degradation costs and their impact on Vehicle-to-Grid economic viability

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the recommendations and future work and stated challenges and stated research gap of the source papers, classified as general, drawn from work published between 2025 and 2026, spanning 3 journals. Those papers have been cited 114 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 4 representative gaps

• NAVIGATING THE CHALLENGES AND BENEFITS OF SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY IN GRID INTEGRATION (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi

  The 132 kV transmission corridors should be reinforced and upgraded to accommodate higher renewable penetration and prevent congestion. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) should be integrated to provide fast frequency response, reduce intermittency effects, and improve overall grid stability. Advanced inverter functionalities such as reactive power support, voltage regulation, and synthetic inertia be implemented to reduced system inertia. Accurate solar and wind generation forecasting tools be adopted to enhance planning and reduce balancing costs.

  generalrecommendationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: reduce inertia transmission corridors reinforced upgraded accommodate higher renewable penetration prevent congestion battery energy storage
• Optimal Placement of Battery Energy Storage Systems in Transmission Networks for Sustainable Renewable Integration: A Multi-Index Scenario-Based Approach (2026) · Energies · doi

  This study presents a comprehensive, multi-index framework for the optimal place- ment and proportional sizing of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) in a large-scale transmission network (modified IEEE 118-bus system) under high solar, wind, and hydro penetration. By combining six technical and economic indices—VDI, FVSI, LCI, BCI, ZBSI, and ∆λ, and weighting them according to five distinct planning objectives (voltage stability, congestion relief, energy arbitrage, loss reduction, and equal weightage), the methodology successfully identifies critical buses that offer the greatest grid support and financial returns. The key findings of this research are presented as follows. Congestion-focused placement (Case 2) yields the lowest daily system operating cost (approx. $8000 lower than the base case) and the highest net economic benefit. This demonstrates that relieving physical bottlenecks creates more value than simply chasing price differences. Loss-reduction placement (Case 4) achieves the most significant decreases of 34 MW and 169 MVAr in active and reactive power losses, compared to base case, validating the correct use of Z-bus sensitivity. Marginal loss increases in Case 1 (voltage) and Case 5 (equal weightage) are acceptable trade-offs for improved voltage profiles. Energy arbitrage alone (Case 3) results in the lowest net profit, highlighting that high ∆λ nodes may suffer from transfer limitations or adverse loss effects—insights that are often missed by single-criterion methods. The equal-weightage approach (Case 5) provides a balanced performance across all metrics, serving as a robust reference for planners without a single dominant objective. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19173996 Energies 2026, 19, 3996 18 of 20 The proposed framework advances beyond conventional single-hour or single- scenario planning by considering eight extreme load-renewable combinations and a 24 h AC OPF simulation. It offers a scalable, open-source tool (MATPOWER-based) that can be adapted to other transmission systems. The current work uses a conservative equal-likelihood assumption for the eight ex- treme scenarios over a 24 h simulation of a single high-load day. Future work should extend validation to multiple representative days (e.g., 12 monthly + 6 extreme days) using MATPOWER’s MOST for multi-period DC OPF, enabling seasonal and inter-day perfor- mance assessment. Furthermore, incorporating empirical scenario probabilities derived from historical VRE and load data will enable optimization that balances performance under both typical and extreme conditions in upcoming studies. Moreover, sensitivity analysis of scenario weighting will enable validation of the robustness of the placement decisions. Additionally, economic analysis under different regulatory frameworks (e.g., capacity payments, ancillary service markets) would enhance the practical relevance of the findings. Joint optimization of BESS location and capacity, along with degradation, lif

  generalfuture workevidence 5/5
  Keywords: case single loss equal energy high economic voltage weightage placement scenario extreme load multi framework
• Economic Viability of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Reassessed: A Degradation Cost Integrated Life-Cycle Analysis (2025) · Sustainability · cited 29× · doi

  Accurately quantifying battery degradation costs and their impact on Vehicle-to-Grid economic viability. Developing a dynamic cost-benefit model that accounts for regional electricity price differentials and battery degradation costs. Identifying targeted interventions to bridge profitability gaps and optimize Vehicle-to-Grid deployment strategies.

  generalstated challengesevidence 5/5
  Keywords: accurately quantifying battery degradation costs impact vehicle-to-grid economic
• Large-Scale Renewable Energy Integration: Tackling Technical Obstacles and Exploring Energy Storage Innovations (2025) · Sustainability · cited 85× · doi

  The lack of a comprehensive review of the technical challenges posed by the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources. The need for a detailed evaluation of various energy storage system technologies and their potential in mitigating these challenges. The gap in identifying strategies to enhance grid flexibility and increase the adoption of renewable energy sources.

  generalstated research gapevidence 5/5
  Keywords: lack comprehensive review technical challenges posed large-scale integration

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