Criminal profiling is not an evidentiary method

The gap

Evidence profile

Stated in the recommendations and cells limitations sections of the source papers, classified as general, spanning 2 journals.

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• Forensic Art: Implication for National Security within Communities in Nigeria (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi

  This article has the following as recommendations for reducing the problem of insecurity as well as engendering national development: Governments must encourage the use of both kinetic and non-kinetic means of tackling insecurity and unemployment that are plaguing this nation. The field of forensic art, apart from the fact that, it could be used to help generate employment in the country, should be embraced and incorporated into a number of government departments responsible for fighting crime. The departments should be well funded and equipped to be effective. KIJER 3(2) 222 Kontagora International Journal of Educational Research (KIJER) Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2026 https://fuekjournals.org/index.php/kijer From the article, it is obvious that, if national security is to be strengthened, government must pay attention to the needs of individuals, promote fundamental human rights, reduce corruption, and quickly intervene in internal conflicts. Marginalized communities and oppressed persons must be helped to regain freedom. Job creation must be taken seriously by government by creating the right environment and the promotion of incentives to entrepreneurs. This is necessary, because unemployment can fuel discontent leading to the breakdown of law and order. Very importantly too, a strong database be created for profiling criminals within communities like rapists, drug addicts, people with psychological problems that can suddenly unleash terror on innocent and law-abiding citizens, robbers, and other terrorists. Every citizen must be alert. Individuals must be mindful of happenings around them. The era of carelessness and insensitivity is over. This assertion is vital, considering the fact that, insecurity begins subtly in individual thoughts or emotions, world views, which gets translated into attitudes and actions. Finally, institutional framework like training of crime investigators in forensic art should be given and sustained across various levels in Nigeria. Incorporation of forensic art and science into academic programmes in some of the universities in Nigeria is a move in the right direction. This should be properly funded.

  generalstated in recommendationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: must insecurity forensic government kijer article well national kinetic unemployment fact departments crime funded individuals
• Regional Security Crime Management Strategies and Public Safety in South-East, Nigeria (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi

  Regional Security, Criminal Profiling, and Public Safety 1. Regional security outfits should adopt intelligence-led criminal profiling practices to improve crime prevention while respecting constitutional rights. Security agencies should gather and analyze crime patterns, offender behavior, and geographical trends before crimes escalate, using evidence-based methods rather than discriminatory profiling. 2. State governments should provide regular training for regional security personnel on criminal profiling, human rights, digital intelligence, and investigative techniques. Such training should be conducted at least twice annually in collaboration with law enforcement agencies, universities, and security experts to enhance professionalism and operational effectiveness. 3. Regional security organizations should establish intelligence and data management units responsible for collecting, verifying, and analyzing crime-related information. These units should continuously monitor emerging security threats and share verified intelligence with the police and other security agencies to strengthen coordinated responses. pg. 790  Journal of Education, Communication, and Digital Humanities - Vol. 4, No. 2, 2026 Publ. link: https://aa.unij.co.uk/index.php/jecdh/issue/view/1 | Journal link: https://aa.unij.co.uk/index.php/jecdh/index Regional Security Outfit, Arrest of Offenders, and Public Safety 1. Regional security outfits should conduct arrests strictly within the provisions of the law by ensuring that offenders are apprehended based on credible intelligence, reasonable suspicion, or evidence of criminal conduct. Arrests should be carried out whenever criminal activities are detected, while respecting the rights and dignity of suspects. 2. Regional security outfits should strengthen collaboration with the police, judiciary, and other law enforcement agencies during arrest operations. Such collaboration should occur before, during, and after arrests to ensure proper investigation, lawful detention, prosecution, and effective administration of justice. 3. State governments should provide adequate operational resources, including patrol vehicles, communication equipment, surveillance technology, protective gear, and logistics. These resources should be supplied continuously to improve the speed, safety, and effectiveness of arrest operations.

  generalstated in recommendationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: security regional criminal intelligence profiling agencies safety outfits crime rights collaboration index arrest arrests public
• Criminal Profiling as a Tool Supporting Crime Detection: Insights and Assessment from Expert (2026) · Journal of Modern Science · doi

  Criminal profiling is not an evidentiary method and cannot replace traditional forensic investigative procedures. - Its primary value lies in its heuristic function, enabling the formulation and verification of investigative hypotheses. - The subjectivity of analysis and the lack of unified standards and legal regulations limit its effectiveness.

  generalstated in cells limitationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: criminal profiling evidentiary method cannot replace traditional forensic

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