Future studies can examine the effectiveness of the Problem Based Learning model in other

The gap

Evidence profile

Stated in the limitations and inline gaps and future work and recommendations and cells future research and cells research gap sections of the source papers, classified as general, spanning 7 journals.

Supporting evidence — 7 representative gaps

• Exploring the mediating roles of self-confidence and mathematical resilience in the relationship between problem-based learning and students’ mathematical literacy (2026) · Journal of Advanced Sciences and Mathematics Education · doi

  Despite the contributions of this study, several limitations should be acknowledged. First, the study was conducted within a limited educational context involving students from several State Islamic Junior High Schools in one region. As a result, the findings may not fully represent students from different educational settings or grade levels. Second, the research relied primarily on quantitative data obtained through tests and questionnaires. Although these instruments provide useful information about students’ performance and perceptions, they may not fully capture the complexity of students’ learning experiences during the implementation of Problem-Based Learning. Future studies may benefit from incorporating qualitative data, such as classroom observations or interviews, to gain a deeper understanding of how students develop confidence and resilience during mathematics learning.

  generalstated in limitationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: students learning several educational fully despite contributions limitations acknowledged first conducted within limited context involving
• The Effect of Problem-Based Learning on Middle School Students’ Problem-Solving Skills: The Content Area of Probability (2026) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-based Learning · doi

  In this context, the effects of different PBL models on students’ problem-solving skills could be investigated. Effect of PBL on middle school students’ problem-solving skills Research in the literature indicates that traditional approaches are insufficient for effective mathematics instruction, particularly in developing strong problem-solving skills.

  generalstated in inline gapsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: problem solving skills students context effects different models investigated effect middle school literature indicates traditional
• Design and Evaluation of a PBL-Oriented Web-Based Mathematics Learning Environment for Enhancing Problem-Solving and Self-Regulated Learning (2026) · International Journal of Educational Methodology · doi

  Kokoska, S. (2015). Introductory statistics: A problem-solving approach (2nd ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company. Kurniyawati, Y., Mahmudi, A., & Wahyuningrum, E. (2019). The effectiveness of problem-based learning in terms of problem-solving skills and mathematical learning independence. Jurnal Riset Pendidikan Matematika, 6(1), 118-129. https://doi.org/10.21831/jrpm.v6i1.26985 Linda, Abdillah, Mandailina, V., & Syaharuddin. (2024). Analysis HOTS problem solving: student learning outcomes from student facilitator and explaining and geogebra-assisted discovery learning models. Jurnal Pendidikan, 16(1), 208- 219. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v16i1.4115 Lusiana, Armiati, & Yerizon. (2022). Kemandirian belajar dan persepsi peserta didik mengenai guru terhadap kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematis peserta didik SMK [Independent learning and students' perceptions of teachers regarding the mathematical problem-solving abilities of vocational school students]. Mosharafa: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 11(1), 155-166. https://doi.org/10.31980/mosharafa.v11i1.695 Malmia, W., Makatita, S. H., Lisaholit, S., Azwan, A., Magfirah, I., Tinggapi, H., & Umanailo, M. C. B. (2019). Problem-based learning as an effort to improve student learning outcomes. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 8(9), 1140-1143. https://bit.ly/41itxtS Mardapi, D. (2017). Measurement, assessment, and evaluation of education [Pengukuran, penilaian dan evaluasi pendidikan]. Parama Publishing. Miller, M. D., Linn, R. L., & Gronlund, N. E. (2009). Measurement and assessment in teaching. Pearson Education. Nasution, N., Sinaga, B., & Mukhtar. (2019). Developing learning media assisted-flash macromedia software by applying discovery model to improve students’ concept and self regulated learning on senior high school. American Journal of Educational Research, 7(2), 161-165. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-7-2-7 Nieveen, N. (1999). Prototyping to reach product quality. In J. Akker, R. M. Branch, K. Gustafson, N. Nieveen, & T. Plomp (Eds.), Design approaches and tools in education and training (pp. 125-135). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978- 94-011-4255-7 Novita, R. D., Aminatun, T., & Daryono, R. W. (2022). E-modules through flipped classroom and PBL models on environmental pollution material to increase problem-solving ability. Journal of Education Technology, 6(4), 744- 754. https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v6i4.51656 Nurlaily, V. A., Soegiyanto, H., & Usodo, B. (2019). Elementary school teacher’s obstacles in the implementation of problem-based learning model in mathematics learning. Journal on Mathematics Education, 10(2), 229-238. https://jme.ejournal.unsri.ac.id/index.php/jme/article/view/3790 OECD. (2023). PISA 2022 results: Factsheets Indonesia. https://oecdch.art/a40de1dbaf/C108 Pagiling, S. L., Munfarikhatin, A., Natsir, I., & Ma’dika, A. R. (2024). Development of mathematics teaching modules based on differentiated instruction to stimulate student engagement. Jurnal Didaktik Matematika, 11(1), 21-40. https://doi.org/10.24815/jdm.v11i1.36525 Pertiwi, C. M., Rohaeti, E. E., & Hidayat, W. (2021). The students’ mathematical problem-solving abilities, self-regulated learning, and VBA Microsoft Word in new normal: a development of teaching materials. Infinity Journal, 10(1), 17- 30. https://doi.org/10.22460/infinity.v10i1.p17-30 International Journal of Educational Methodology  97 Ramadhani, R. (2018). The enhancement of mathematical problem-solving ability and self-confidence of students 127-134.

  generalstated in future workevidence 5/5
  Keywords: learning https problem solving journal education students based mathematical jurnal pendidikan matematika student school teaching
• Effect Of Mobile Learning Instructional Strategy On Mathematics Students' Achievement And Retention In Senior Secondary Schools In Delta Central Senatorial District (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi

  Arising from the findings, the following recommendations were made: 1. Mathematic teachers should adopt mobile learning instructional strategy in their classroom instruction because it significantly improves both students’ achievement and retention compared to the traditional lecture method. Moreso, mobile learning allows students to interact with content repeatedly, receive immediate feedback, and learn at their own pace, which are critical factors in mastering mathematics. 2. The government and educational administrators should move beyond general ICT advocacy and make mobile learning a funded priority in secondary education. This means providing reliable infrastructure such as affordable internet access, stable electricity, and subsidized or school-supported mobile devices for students. REFERENCES Agah, J. J., & Okeke, S. O. (2017). Teaching methods and students' academic achievement in mathematics in secondary schools. Journal of Educational Research and Development, 12(2), 45–57. Ajai, J. T., & Imoko, B. I. (2015). Gender differences in mathematics achievement and retention scores: A case of problem-based learning method. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 1(1), 45– 50. https://doi.org/10.21890/ijres.48222 Asante, K. O. (2010). Sex differences in mathematics performance among senior high students in Ghana. Gender and Behaviour, 8(2), 3259–3268. Bringula, R., De Leon, J. S., Rayala, K. J., Pascual, B. A., & Sendino, K. (2017). Effects of different types of feedback of a mobile-assisted learning application and motivation towards mathematics learning on students’ mathematics performance. Intemational Joumal of Web Information Systems, 13(3), 241-259. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJWIS-03-2017-0017 Burke, P., Keamey, M., Schuck, S. & Aubusson, P. (2021). Improving mobile learning in secondary mathematics and science: Listening to students’. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 38, 137-151 Carl, T. (2024). Mobile learning and students' academic achievement in mathematics. Journal of Educational Technology Research, 18(2), 85–99. Ezeanyi, C. N. (2025). Technology-enhanced learning strategies and students' achievement in secondary school mathematics. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 13(1), 102–118. Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2013). National policy on education (6th ed.). Abuja: NERDC Press. García, T., Rodríguez, C., Betts, L., Areces, D., & González-Castro, P. (2016). How affective-motivational variables and approaches to learning predict performance in mathematics in upper elementary levels. Learning and Individual Differences, 49, 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.lindif.2016.05.021 Garzón, J., Burgos, D., & Tlili, A. (2025).

  generalstated in recommendationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: learning mathematics students mobile achievement journal secondary education educational differences science https performance retention feedback
• JAMOVI-based module as tool in teaching Statistics among Senior High School students (2026) · International Journal of Education Learning and Pedagogical Sciences (INJELPS) · doi

  Based on the findings, the following recommendations are offered: 1. Statistics teachers may integrate the JAMOVI-based learning module as a supplementary instructional resource to promote technology-enhanced, learner-centered instruction. 2. School administrators may support the implementation of the module by providing professional development opportunities and access to appropriate technological resources. 3. Curriculum developers may consider incorporating technology-assisted statistical learning materials into the implementation of the Statistics curriculum to strengthen students' analytical and digital competencies. 4. Teacher education institutions may integrate JAMOVI and similar statistical software into pre-service teacher preparation programs to enhance future teachers' instructional competencies. 5. Educational policymakers may encourage the development, validation, and dissemination of technology- enhanced instructional materials that promote digital transformation in mathematics education. 6. Future researchers may expand the module by including additional Statistics competencies, larger participant groups, different educational settings, and comparative experimental designs to further establish its effectiveness. REFERENCES Aliyu, J., Osman, S., Kumar, J., & Mohd Jamil, M. (2023). The design and development of a learning strategy to enhance students' engagement in simultaneous equations: An evaluation viewpoint. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 13(1), 36–52. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1691 Alrawashdeh, G. S., Fyffe, S., Azevedo, R. F., & Castillo, N. M. (2024). Exploring the impact of personalized and adaptive learning technologies on reading literacy: A global meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 42, 100587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2023.100587 Banguanga, C. A. G., Gueco, E. R. P., Abug, C. G., Baladhay, J. P., & Sitaca, A. M. (2021). Acceptability and effectiveness of the division-initiated self-learning modules (SLM) in science for modular and blended learning among Grade 10 learners. Journal of Science Teachers and Educators, 4(1), 58-64. https://nosteonline.org/acceptability-and- effectiveness-of-the-division-initiated-self-learning-modules-slm-in-science-for-modular-and-blended-learning- among-grade-10-learners/ Benedictos, E. C. (2022). Utilization of statistical software applications and its influence on students' attitude and 455–498. in Statistics. International Journal of Research Publications, 104(1), performance https://doi.org/10.47119/IJRP1001041720223521 Bustoba, J. R., & Dela Cruz, A. T. (2022). Development and validation of self-paced learning digital module in Mathematics 10. Polaris Global Journal of Scholarly Research and Trends, 1(4), 12–28. https://doi.org/10.58429/pgjsrt.v1n1a84 Coelho, A. S., Pires, R., & Martins, O. (2024). Dig

  generalstated in recommendationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: learning https statistics module technology development journal science teachers instructional statistical students digital competencies education
• MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR LEMPAR TANGKAP DALAM PERMAINAN BOLA KASTI MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PROBLEM BASED LEARNING PADA SISWA KELAS VII-1 SMP NEGERI 15 AMBON (2026) · EDUCATIONAL : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan & Pengajaran · doi

  Future studies can examine the effectiveness of the Problem Based Learning model in other areas of Physical Education, Sport, and Health. - Research can investigate the impact of the Problem Based Learning model on students' motivation and engagement. - Studies can explore the feasibility of implementing the Problem Based Learning model in different educational settings.

  generalstated in cells future researchevidence 5/5
  Keywords: future studies examine effectiveness problem based learning model
• Students’ perceptions of their mathematics classroom learning environment and its associations with problem-solving efficacy, problem-solving skills and mathematics achievement: a ghana case study (2026) · Learning Environments Research · doi

  There is a lack of research that describes the classroom learning environment and its associations with learning outcomes in newly implemented curricula in the sub-Saharan African context. - The study aims to address this gap by investigating students' perceptions of their mathematics classroom learning environment and its associations with problem-solving efficacy, problem-solving skills, and mathematics achievement in Ghana.

  generalstated in cells research gapevidence 5/5
  Keywords: there lack research describes classroom learning environment associations

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