LC-MS/MS metabolomics identified 149 metabolites in Lycium ruthenicum Murr., with flavonoids as the most structurally diverse class

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the future work of the source papers, classified as general, drawn from work published between 2024 and 2026, spanning 3 journals. Those papers have been cited 46 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• Isorhamnetin from Lycium ruthenicum Murr. exhibits anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities in vitro via regulation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and AKT signaling (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi

  LC-MS/MS metabolomics identified 149 metabolites in Lycium ruthenicum Murr., with flavonoids as the most structurally diverse class. Combined metabolomics and network pharmacology identified isorhamnetin as a bioactive component of black goji berry. In vitro experiments confirmed that isorhamnetin inhibits LPS-induced inflammation and suppresses Calu-3 cell proliferation by inducing ROS-mediated DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cas- pase-3-dependent apoptosis via regulating the AKT signaling path- way. Moreover, the bioactivity of Lycium ruthenicum extract depends on the synergistic effects of multiple active components, and isorham- netin can serve as a core flavonoid biomarker for its functional efficacy. This work provides a phytochemical and mechanistic basis for the anti-inflammatory and anticancer potential of Lycium ruthenicum. However, the findings are limited to in vitro validation. Future studies will focus on in vivo mechanistic verification, systematic exploration of the synergistic mechanisms of multiple ingredients, and evaluation of isorhamnetin as a quality marker to further support the develop- ment and application of Lycium ruthenicum as a functional food resource.

  generalfuture work
  Keywords: lycium ruthenicum isorhamnetin metabolomics identified vitro synergistic multiple functional mechanistic metabolites murr flavonoids structurally diverse
• Lycium ruthenicum as a Functional Food Resource: Chemical Composition, Nutritional Value, Health Benefits, and Biological Activities (2026) · Nutrients · doi

  Lycium ruthenicum Murr. is a valuable medicinal and edible plant that links traditional dietary knowledge with modern food science, nutrition, and biotechnology. Its significance lies not only in its high antioxidant capacity but also in its complex phytochemical ma- trix, including acylated petunidin-derived anthocyanins, polysaccharides, phenolic acids, flavonoids, unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols, phytosterols, minerals, and nitrogenous compounds. These constituents underpin its nutritional value, distinctive color, reported biological activities, and product-development potential. Studies reviewed here suggest antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, metabolic-regulatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, gut microbiota-modulating, and anti-fatigue effects. However, the current evidence base remains uneven: many findings derive from crude extracts, broad fractions, in vitro assays, or animal models, whereas standardized raw materials, harmonized analytical methods, realistic product matrices, human bioavailability data, safety assessment, clinical validation, regulatory feasibility, and industrial scalability remain insufficiently developed. Therefore, future development of L. ruthenicum should move from descriptive characterization and proof-of-concept bioactivity testing toward translational research systems that connect raw material, processing, chemical standardization, biological relevance, product safety, and market feasibility. Future research should first strengthen standardization across the entire research and product-development chain. Minimum quality specifications should be established for berries and primary processed materials, covering botanical authentication, maturity, moisture, marker compounds, contaminants, and microbial limits. Extraction, quantifi- https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18193160 Nutrients 2026, 18, 3160 41 of 46 cation, and structural characterization protocols should be harmonized, and confirmed structures should be clearly distinguished from tentative assignments. Anthocyanin and polysaccharide stability should be evaluated in intended product matrices such as bever- ages, fermented products, powders, dairy systems, and packaging films, with food-grade stabilization strategies—including encapsulation, copigmentation, oxygen control, light- protective packaging, and mild processing—validated under realistic storage and distribu- tion conditions. Research should also move from crude extracts and broad fractions toward reproducible, structurally defined preparations, combining purified-compound studies with standardized matrix-based preparations to clarify structure–activity relationships and matrix effects. Future work should further integrate bioavailability, safety, clinical validation, regula- tory feasibility, and industrial scalability. Simulated digestion, cellular transport, animal pharmacokinetics, and human postprandial studies should be combined to identify the forms and metabolites that reach systemic

  generalfuture work
  Keywords: product development safety feasibility future ruthenicum food antioxidant including acids compounds biological anti regulatory effects
• Durian (Durio zibethinus L.): Nutritional Composition, Pharmacological Implications, Value-Added Products, and Omics-Based Investigations (2024) · Horticulturae · cited 46× · doi

  Research has brought to light the multifaceted functional aributes of the durian fruit, spanning its pulp, peel, and seeds, showing promising potential for various health benefits. However, further investigations are imperative to pinpoint and isolate the specific chemical constituents responsible for the therapeutic effects linked to durian, particularly within its peel and seeds. A profound understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms underpinning these biological and pharmacological activities is essential. Moreover, there is a critical need for a comprehensive assessment of the bioactivity and safety profiles of extracted compounds. This entails rigorous pharmacokinetic evaluations to ascertain the bioavailability of specific compounds and toxicity tests, potentially involving studies with animal models. Additionally, researchers must give meticulous aention to the stability of extracted phytochemicals and the conditions necessary for maintaining cell cultures during in vitro studies, as oversights in these areas may compromise the reliability and relevance of the obtained results. To thoroughly explore the health benefits of integrating durian into functional foods, human interventional studies are warranted. These studies provide valuable insights into the practical applications and effects of durian-based dietary interventions on human health. Furthermore, expanding research to scrutinize the functional properties of other parts of the durian tree, such as its leaves and flowers, is crucial. These components may also harbor valuable bioactive compounds, and adopting a holistic approach to studying the various facets of the durian tree can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of its potential contributions to human health. Finally, the significance of molecular markers for expediting elite cultivar breeding should be emphasized. This approach, coupled with advocating for a circular bioeconomy through waste valorization, can contribute to sustainable practices and maximize the potential benefits derived from the durian tree. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, S.S.; methodology, S.S. and G.K.; writing—original draft preparation, G.K.; writing—review and editing, S.S., G.K. and S.K.; visualization, S.K.; supervision, S.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This work was supported by Ratchadapisek Somphot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (to G.K.) and ReinUni_65_03_23_50, Chulalongkorn University (to S.S.). Data Availability Statement: Data available within the article. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

  generalfuture work
  Keywords: durian health functional potential bene compounds human tree peel seeds various speci ects within understanding

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