The accumulation of large amounts of manure and litter around livestock and poultry enterprises

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the future work and stated challenges and future-work section of the source papers, classified as general, drawn from work published between 2025 and 2026, spanning 3 journals. Those papers have been cited 20 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 3 representative gaps

• Turning Livestock Waste into Nutrient Resources: Advances in Crop–Livestock Circular Agriculture for Sustainable Farming Systems (2026) · Agriculture · doi

  Crop–livestock circular agriculture has emerged as an important agricultural produc- tion approach in the context of sustainable agricultural development. Its core objective is to reconnect crop and livestock production through the recycling of livestock manure, thereby restoring nutrient cycling within agricultural systems and improving resource utilization and environmental performance. However, the benefits of manure recycling are not universal and depend on manure treatment, nutrient recovery, application rate, and the matching between manure-derived nutrient supply and crop demand. After appropriate treatment, livestock manure can be returned to farmland as a source of nutrients and or- ganic matter, partially replacing chemical fertilizers and improving soil fertility. However, poorly matched or excessive application can also lead to nutrient accumulation, nutrient losses, and environmental risks. Therefore, manure recycling should not be evaluated simply by whether manure is reused or chemical fertilizer use is reduced. Its effectiveness depends on whether nutrients can be recovered and reused at appropriate rates and under conditions compatible with crop demand and farmland carrying capacity. A variety of technologies and practical models have been developed to support crop– livestock circular agriculture. Key technologies include source reduction, solid–liquid separation, aerobic composting, anaerobic digestion, manure application, and nutrient management. Different implementation models have also emerged, including integrated crop–livestock systems, regional manure redistribution, and localized recycling. These models represent different approaches to coordinating manure nutrient supply with crop demand under different production, land, and infrastructure conditions. Integrated crop– livestock systems can facilitate coordinated management of crop, livestock, and nutrient flows, regional manure redistribution can help address spatial differences between manure supply and crop nutrient demand, and localized recycling can provide a practical pathway where farmland is fragmented and agricultural production is dispersed. The synthesis of evidence in this review indicates that the central issue in crop– livestock circular agriculture is not whether livestock manure should be recycled, but how much manure should be recycled, where it should be recycled, and under what man- agement conditions. Many existing studies focus on short-term changes in crop yield, soil properties, or fertilizer use, while long-term effects on soil health, nutrient accumulation, nutrient losses, and environmental risks remain insufficiently evaluated. At the same https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16182033 Agriculture 2026, 16, 2033 17 of 21 time, manure recycling can generate different outcomes depending on crop type, manure characteristics, application rate, soil conditions, climate, and management practices. The matching between livestock manure production, c

  generalfuture work
  Keywords: manure crop livestock nutrient recycling agriculture agricultural production application demand soil conditions different circular systems
• UTILIZATION OF LIVESTOCK WASTE WITH THE PRODUCTION OF USEFUL ENERGY AND FERTILIZERS (2026) · PAHTEI-Procedings of Azerbaijan High Technical Educational Institutions · doi

  The accumulation of large amounts of manure and litter around livestock and poultry enterprises. The need for resource-saving technologies to conserve natural resources and prevent environmental pollution. The requirement for environmentally sustainable solutions for livestock and poultry waste management.

  generalstated challengesevidence 5/5
  Keywords: accumulation large amounts manure litter around livestock poultry
• Integrating green manure and fertilizer reduction strategies to enhance soil carbon sequestration and crop yield: evidence from a two-season pot experiment (2025) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · cited 20× · doi

  Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of integrating green manure and fertilizer reduction strategies - Studies should investigate the impact of different types and amounts of green manure on soil fertility and crop yield - Research should focus on scaling up the results to larger fields and different climates

  generalfuture-work sectionevidence 4/5
  Keywords: further research needed explore long-term effects integrating green

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