The cross-sectional design limits the ability to follow

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the limitations and abstract and future-work section and stated challenges of the source papers, classified as general, drawn from work published between 2014 and 2026, spanning 4 journals. Those papers have been cited 17 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 4 representative gaps

• THE EFFECTS OF CYBERBULLYING ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN RIYADH: A QUALITATIVE CASE STUDY (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi

  acknowledged. First, as it focused solely on the experiences of students in relation to cyberbullying, the input of parents and teachers was not included. Future studies could adopt a wider sample of participants to produce more rounded results by taking these stakeholders into account. Second, as the current study was limited to secondary school students in Riyadh, the findings cannot be usefully generalized to other educational contexts in Saudi Arabia. Accordingly, the researcher recommends that future studies target victims of cyberbullying across different educational stages in Saudi Arabia. Third, investigate cyberbullies themselves or their online behaviors in terms of their characteristics and the factors that drive them to engage in cyberbullying. Therefore, future studies could include cyberbullies and school personnel, such as teachers, school counselors, and parents, to gain a better understanding of those perpetrating cyberbullying. Finally, the researcher believes that future studies could benefit from incorporating a complementary secondary research instrument that analyses instances of cyberbullying experienced by participants.

  generallimitationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: cyberbullying students school future secondary university educational saudi journal experiences parents teachers participants current riyadh
• Characterizing Cyberbullying among College Students: Hacking, Dirty Laundry, and Mocking (2014) · Societies · cited 17× · doi

  Three themes emerged from the data: (1) lack of agreement on a definition of cyberbullying, but consensus on three representative scenarios: hacking, dirty laundry and mocking; (2) concerns with translating definitions of traditional bullying to cyberbullying; (3) opinions that cyberbullying may manifest differently in college compared to younger adolescents, including increased potential for long-term effects.

  generalabstractevidence 5/5
  Keywords: cyberbullying three themes emerged lack agreement definition consensus representative scenarios hacking dirty laundry mocking concerns
• Analyzing the Impact of Cyber Harassment, Cyber Stalking Victimization, and Cyber Gender Hate Speech on Social Wellbeing of Female University Students in Sialkot Pakistan (2026) · Journal of Language, Literature & Social Affairs · doi

  Future research could examine the impact of cyber harassment, cyber stalking victimization, and cyber gender hate speech on male university students. Future research could also explore the experiences of students from other parts of Pakistan. Future research could investigate the effectiveness of awareness campaigns, support systems, and policies in reducing the negative impacts of online harassment.

  generalfuture-work sectionevidence 5/5
  Keywords: future research examine impact cyber harassment stalking victimization
• Social Media Use, Professionalism, and Professional Identity Among Medical Students and Early-Career Health Care Graduates in Sudan: Cross-Sectional Survey Study (2026) · Online Journal of Public Health Informatics · doi

  The cross-sectional design limits the ability to follow changes in attitudes and behaviors over time. Self-reported data may be subject to recall bias and the desire to provide socially acceptable answers, particularly around professionalism. The study highlights the need to address cyberbullying and negative online experiences in promoting safe and professional use of digital environments.

  generalstated challengesevidence 5/5
  Keywords: cross-sectional design limits ability follow changes attitudes behaviors

Questions about this gap