The paper notes that athletic participation can also

The gap

Evidence profile

Sourced from the limitations section and limitations of the source papers, classified as general, drawn from work published between 1973 and 2026, spanning 4 journals. Those papers have been cited 1 times in total.

Supporting evidence — 4 representative gaps

• The role of athletics in student development (1973) · New Directions for Higher Education · doi

  The paper notes that athletic participation can also have negative consequences, such as injury, burnout, and decreased self-esteem. The authors acknowledge that the relationship between athletic participation and self-esteem is complex and influenced by various factors. The paper suggests that further research is needed to fully understand the impact of athletics on student development.

  generallimitations section
  Keywords: paper notes athletic participation have negative consequences injury
• The sports-education-health nexus: assessing psychological, cognitive, and social outcomes in a public health framework (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi

  While the present study offers useful insights into the multidimensional role of sports education, several limitations should be acknowledged. • The study used a cross-sectional design, which limits the ability to establish causal relationships among the variables because the temporal direction of the relationships cannot be fully confirmed. • The findings are based on self-reported data, which may involve response bias, social desirability bias, and common method variance, thereby potentially affecting the precision of the measured relationships. Future studies may use objective indicators, such as cognitive performance tests, behavioral measures, or external assessments, to improve validity. • Another limitation relates to the consistently positive and statistically significant relationships observed across the proposed hypotheses. Although these findings are theoretically aligned with prior literature on sports education and developmental outcomes, the strength of the relationships may also reflect certain methodological factors, including sample homogeneity, self-reported perceptions, and potential social desirability tendencies among respondents. Since the participants shared relatively similar educational and sports-related backgrounds, variability in responses may have been reduced, potentially contributing to stronger positive associations among the constructs. Therefore, the findings should be interpreted with appropriate caution. Future studies are encouraged to utilize more heterogeneous samples, longitudinal designs, and multi-source data collection approaches to further validate the robustness and generalizability of the observed relationships. • The sample was drawn from a specific context using convenience sampling, which may restrict the broader generalizability of the findings across different cultural, institutional, and socioeconomic environments.

  generallimitationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: relationships sports among education self reported bias social desirability potentially future observed across sample generalizability
• “The ‘double sinawali’ of learning and striking the stick with purpose”: Exploring the relationship between individual interest and study engagement in the indigenous martial art of Arnis (2026) · Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies · cited 1× · doi

  The study’s findings should be interpreted with caution due to several limitations. Its cross-sectional design restricts the ability to establish causal relationships between individual interest and study engagement, while reliance on self-reported data may have introduced social desirability, recall bias and common method bias. To mitigate these risks, several procedural remedies were implemented, including voluntary participation, anonymous responses and the absence of evaluative or performance-related consequences, which help reduce evaluation apprehension. In addition, the study employed theoretically distinct constructs measured using validated instruments with different scale formats, which further minimizes method-related inflation. Moreover, the sample, drawn from a single higher education institution, limits the generalizability of results to other universities with different curricular structures, cultural contexts or instructional approaches. The focus on Arnis as a culturally rooted physical education activity may also yield insights that are not directly transferable to non-indigenous sports settings.

  generallimitationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: several bias related different education interpreted caution limitations cross sectional design restricts ability establish causal
• Hodnocení klimatu tříd s rozšířenou výukou tělesné výchovy prostřednictvím psychodiagnostických nástrojů a jejich implikace pro hudební výchovu (2026) · Studia Scientifica Facultatis Paedagogicae Universitas Catholica Ružomberok · doi

  The study has several limitations that should be taken into account when interpreting the findings. The first limitation concerns the research sample, which was restricted to a single primary school with four classes specialising in volleyball. The results may therefore not be generalisable to other types of sport specialisation or to schools in different socio-cultural contexts. A further limitation is the study's cross-sectional design, which does not allow examination of changes in classroom climate over time or causal interpretation of the observed relationships. Finally, the psychodiagnostic instruments used capture pupils’ performance at a specific moment and may be influenced by situational factors, such as the time of day, the period within the school year, or the pupils’ current psychological state. These limitations indicate the need for further research, particularly longitudinal studies conducted on larger and more diverse samples.

  generallimitationsevidence 5/5
  Keywords: limitations limitation school classes further classroom climate time psychodiagnostic instruments pupils education several taken account

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