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Open research questions in Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments

299 gap statements mined from Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments papers in our 7.9M-paper local library, which holds 1,213 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

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What the literature leaves open

  • The patient's symptoms did not respond to initial treatment with anti-seizure drugs. The diagnosis of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis was not immediately considered due to the patient's atypical presentation. The need for comprehensive differential diagnoses to consider conditions with potential therapeutic interventions.

    Epilepsia partialis continua as an isolated manifestation of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a case report · 2026 · DOI

  • The burden of autoimmune encephalitis in the Philippines is not well documented. There is a need to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the PCMC clinical criteria.

    Diagnostic performance of the Philippine Children’s Medical Center clinical criteria for pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a retrospective validation in a national referral center · 2026 · DOI

  • One challenge is the risk of aspiration in patients with severe dysarthria. Another challenge is the need to balance anesthetic depth and facilitate prompt postoperative neurological assessment. The patient's cerebellar ataxia and dysarthria posed significant challenges to anesthetic management.

    Phenotype-guided anesthetic management in anti-Yo-positive paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration · 2026 · DOI

  • The gap in current research is the lack of understanding of how to manage anesthesia in patients with anti-Yo-positive PCD. There is a need to guide perioperative decisions based on the patient's neurological phenotype. The relationship between dysarthria and dysphagia is not well understood.

    Phenotype-guided anesthetic management in anti-Yo-positive paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration · 2026 · DOI

  • It highlights the need for further research into the diagnosis and management of neurological immune-related adverse events in this patient population.

    Neurological syndrome with CSF anti-Hu positivity during serplulimab therapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: a case report · 2026 · DOI

  • Its dysfunction causes severe neurological disease, but the underlying pathomechanisms remain elusive.

    Anti-GABAB receptor autoimmunity causes cognitive decline by presynaptic pathology · 2026 · DOI

  • If the reported CSF anti-Hu result is accepted, the recalculated PNS-Care score would be 9, corresponding to the definite PNS category, although interpretation is limited by the absence of orthogonal antibody confirmation.

    Neurological syndrome with CSF anti-Hu positivity during serplulimab therapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: a case report · 2026 · DOI

  • However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, and reliable biomarkers for predicting cognitive outcomes are lacking.

    Elevated CHI3L1 as a Potential Biomarker of Cognitive Dysfunction in Anti‐NMDAR Encephalitis: Evidence From Clinical Results and Mice Model · 2026 · DOI

  • Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) features a high inflammatory burden, yet the role of ChP in AE remains unclear.

    Choroid Plexus Abnormalities in Autoimmune Encephalitis · 2026 · DOI

  • Anti-Homer3 antibody-positive autoimmune cerebellar ataxia (ACA) is a rare immune-mediated neurological disorder whose association with malignancy remains unclear.

    Anti-Homer3 antibody-positive autoimmune cerebellar ataxia associated with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a case report · 2026 · DOI

  • A history of teratoma and methotrexate treatment may be associated with a higher risk of teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis; however, this observation was based on only two patients and warrants further investigation.

    Clinical characteristics and treatment strategies of ovarian teratomas associated with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis based on a case series · 2026 · DOI

  • Although the prognosis seems favourable in most conditions after immunotherapy, the magnitude of the therapeutic effect of immunotherapy on cognitive functioning remains unclear.

    Cognitive disorders in patients with neuroimmunological disease · 2025 · DOI

  • The pathogenesis of anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor encephalitis (anti‐NMDAR encephalitis)‐associated seizures remains elusive.

    Elevated Release of Presynaptic Glutamate: The Potential Pathogenesis of Anti‐ NMDAR Encephalitis‐Associated Seizures · 2025 · DOI

  • The pathogenic mechanisms underlying autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy (GFAP-A), a central nervous system disorder associated with GFAP autoimmunity, remain controversial.

    Intrathecal Epstein–Barr virus reactivation in patients with autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy · 2025 · DOI

  • The diagnosis of autoimmune limbic encephalitis can be challenging due to normal investigative findings. There is a need for better understanding of the clinical picture of autoimmune limbic encephalitis.

    Uncommon presentation of autoimmune limbic encephalitis: a case report · 2026 · DOI

  • The association between SPR and autoimmune diabetes is not well understood. The diagnosis of SPR is often delayed due to its rarity and similarity to other neurological conditions.

    Syndrome de la personne raide révélé par un diabète auto-immun : à propos d’un cas à l’Hôpital Général de Yaoundé · 2026 · DOI

  • Although direct homology evidence for CNTN1-related molecular mimicry is currently lacking, the temporal association supports the classical mechanism of infection-triggered autoimmunity (10).

    Autoimmune nodopathy associated with Sjögren’s disease and nephrotic syndrome: a case report and literature review · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of awareness of oneiric stupor as a rare manifestation of LGI1 encephalitis. The diagnosis of oneiric stupor can be challenging due to its rarity and overlap with other conditions.

    Oneiric stupor as a clinical manifestation of LGI1 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis: a case report · 2026 · DOI

  • The feasibility of short static acquisition protocols for [18F]F-DED PET imaging in AIE and MSA is unknown. The optimal scanning time for [18F]F-DED PET imaging is not established.

    Feasibility of short imaging protocols for [18F]fluordeprenyl-D2 PET in autoimmune encephalitis and multiple system atrophy · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of current guidelines on providing optimal anaesthetic care for anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. The disease process and several routinely used anaesthetic agents converge on NMDA receptor pathways.

    Anaesthetic Management of Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis with Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus Undergoing Laparoscopic Ovarian Cystectomy and Tracheostomy: A Case Report · 2026 · DOI

  • Some complications like autoimmune encephalitis and graft-versus-host disease have been reported after hematopoietic stem cell transplant but very few reports are published in solid organ transplants.

    A Rare Case of Anti-glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 Autoimmune Encephalitis Followed by Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Simultaneous Kidney and Pancreas Transplant · 2025 · DOI

  • Oneiric stupor, characterized by stereotyped gestures mimicking everyday activities, is a core manifestation of agrypnia excitata but has only rarely been reported in association with LGI1 encephalitis.

    Oneiric stupor as a clinical manifestation of LGI1 antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis: a case report · 2026 · DOI

  • Reactive astrogliosis is a complex process. [18F]F-DED PET imaging has a limited scanning time.

    Feasibility of short imaging protocols for [18F]fluordeprenyl-D2 PET in autoimmune encephalitis and multiple system atrophy · 2026 · DOI

  • The study is a single case report, - Limited by cochlear-implant artifacts in brain MRI, - No long-term follow-up data on the patient's…

    Epilepsia partialis continua as an isolated manifestation of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: a case report · 2026 · DOI

  • Small sample size of 10 patients, - Retrospective observational analysis, - Limited follow-up period of 12…

    Safety and efficacy of intrathecal methotrexate in severe anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a single-institution retrospective study · 2026 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments

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Open questions raised by papers listed on this page include: (1) There is a need to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the PCMC clinical criteria (“Diagnostic performance of the Philippine Children’s Medical Center clinical…”, 2026); (2) The gap in current research is the lack of understanding of how to manage anesthesia in patients with anti-Yo-positive PCD (“Phenotype-guided anesthetic management in anti-Yo-positive paraneoplastic…”, 2026); (3) Its dysfunction causes severe neurological disease, but the underlying pathomechanisms remain elusive (“Anti-GABAB receptor autoimmunity causes cognitive decline by presynaptic…”, 2026); (4) The underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood, and reliable biomarkers for predicting cognitive outcomes are lacking (“Elevated CHI3L1 as a Potential Biomarker of Cognitive Dysfunction in Anti‐NMDAR…”, 2026); (5) Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) features a high inflammatory burden, yet the role of ChP in AE remains unclear (“Choroid Plexus Abnormalities in Autoimmune Encephalitis”, 2026). 299 gap statements have been mined from Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments papers in our 7.9M-paper local library, which holds 1,213 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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