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Open research questions in Blood groups and transfusion

84 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 395 Blood groups and transfusion papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • CONCLUSIONS: Although estimates in LATAM countries are scarce and lack standardized measures, we observed that the incidence, morbidity, and mortality of HDFN in this region are problematic.

    Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn and Rhesus alloimmunization in Latin American countries: a scoping review · 2024 · DOI

  • The paper identifies the risk of severe hemolytic transfusion reactions as a major challenge. It highlights the need for accurate serology and molecular confirmation to manage these risks. The review also discusses the challenges associated with managing the Bombay and para-Bombay phenotypes in different clinical settings.

    Bombay and para-Bombay blood group phenotypes: Molecular basis, epidemiology, diagnosis, and transfusion management: An extended review · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper suggests that population genotyping can pre-identify rare donors in high-prevalence regions. It proposes that harmonized variant classification and prospective functional studies can standardize counseling. The review also suggests that enzymatic engineering of donor red cells can provide a contingency capacity during surges or in geographically isolated settings.

    Bombay and para-Bombay blood group phenotypes: Molecular basis, epidemiology, diagnosis, and transfusion management: An extended review · 2026 · DOI

  • The study identifies the challenge of alloimmunization in transfusion-dependent populations globally. The findings highlight the importance of considering demographic factors in transfusion management. The study notes the need for larger studies to confirm the findings.

    Frequency of Alloimmunization in Patients on Regular Blood Transfusion in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Multicenter Retrospective Study · 2026 · DOI

  • Investigation of differential immune responsiveness in larger studies, - Confirmation of findings in larger cohorts, - Larger studies to confirm the association between donor-recipient ethnic matching and alloimmunization

    Frequency of Alloimmunization in Patients on Regular Blood Transfusion in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Multicenter Retrospective Study · 2026 · DOI

  • of conventional 7. Go RS, Winters JL, Kay NE. How I treat immunosuppression for certain hemolytic disorders, autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Blood. 2017; the importance of recognizing treatment failure early 129(22): 2971-9. and escalating care appropriately, and the substantial 8. Packman CH. Pathogenesis and etiology of complexity imposed by comorbidities in elderly autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Blood Rev. patients requiring careful balancing of competing 2008; 22(1): 17-35. clinical priorities. Healthcare providers managing 9. Gehrs BC, Friedberg RC. Autoimmune patients with warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia hemolytic anemia. Am J Hematol. 2002; 69(4): should maintain high suspicion for complement- 258-71. prominent disease when dual direct antiglobulin test 10. Michel M, Chanet V, Darblade B, et al. The positivity is identified, should recognize that treatment spectrum of acquired hemolytic anemia in refractoriness developing within days suggests systemic lupus erythematosus: diagnostic alternative pathophysiology, should investigate and therapeutic strategy. Medicine unusual findings such as marked monocytosis for (Baltimore). 2017; 96(24): e7254.

    Transfusion-Refractory Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia with Dual Direct Antiglobulin Test Positivity and Marked Monocytosis in an Elderly Patient: A Case Report · 2026 · DOI

  • The association between AIHA and solid tumors such as RCC is uncommon. There is a need for increased awareness and evaluation for underlying malignancy in patients presenting with unexplained hemolysis.

    Complement-Mediated Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia as the Initial Presentation of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report · 2026 · DOI

  • Accurate diagnosis of AIHA can be challenging due to the similarity in clinical presentation across subtypes. Treatment of AIHA can be complex due to the need to address the underlying cause.

    Three Faces of Self-Destruction: A Case Series of Warm, Cold, and Mixed Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should focus on the development of new diagnostic tests for AIHA. Studies should investigate the effectiveness of different treatments for AIHA.

    Three Faces of Self-Destruction: A Case Series of Warm, Cold, and Mixed Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia · 2026 · DOI

  • The study is limited to data from the Lithuanian Institute of Hygiene. Systematic documentation of Rh D status began only in 2021, requiring retrospective estimation for earlier years.

    NĖŠČIŲJŲ SENSIBILIZACIJOS ATVEJŲ SKAIČIAUS POKYČIAI LIETUVOJE 2014–2023 METAIS · 2026 · DOI

  • Despite widespread use of anti-D immunoprophylaxis, cases of sensitization are still detected. There is a need to assess changes in sensitization cases over time and evaluate the effectiveness of anti-D immunoprophylaxis.

    NĖŠČIŲJŲ SENSIBILIZACIJOS ATVEJŲ SKAIČIAUS POKYČIAI LIETUVOJE 2014–2023 METAIS · 2026 · DOI

  • The complexity of red blood cell membranes and the need for a revised understanding of blood compatibility. The need to shift away from earlier whole-cell oscillation language.

    Blood-Type Compatibility as Surface Resonance Interface Matching in USP Field Theory: ABO Glycan Geometry, Antibody Binding Thresholds, Complement Activation, and Measurable Δf Proxies · 2026 · DOI

  • The earlier whole-cell language did not accurately describe blood-type compatibility. There is a need for a revised understanding of blood compatibility as a surface phenomenon.

    Blood-Type Compatibility as Surface Resonance Interface Matching in USP Field Theory: ABO Glycan Geometry, Antibody Binding Thresholds, Complement Activation, and Measurable Δf Proxies · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper identifies a research gap in the management of DAT-positive blood components, as there is currently no clear protocol for the risk-based approach. The study highlights the need for further research on the clinical outcomes of patients who receive DAT-positive blood components. The authors note that there is a lack of data on the frequency of DAT positivity in healthy individuals and blood donors in Korea.

    Management of Blood Components with Positive Direct Antiglobulin Test Results · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of understanding of the association between ABO/Rh blood groups and TTN. The study aimed to address this gap by investigating the association between ABO/Rh blood groups and TTN.

    Evaluation of the Association Between ABO/Rh Blood Groups and Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn: A Retrospective Case-Control Study · 2026 · DOI

  • Limited sample size and retrospective study design. Variability in treatment protocols and outcomes. Difficulty in identifying underlying causes or triggering factors for non-associative IMHA.

    Clinical Findings, Treatment and Long-Term Outcome in 37 Cats with Non-Associative Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia: A Retrospective Observational Study of Two Treatment Cohorts · 2026 · DOI

  • Limited data on the clinical course and long-term outcome of non-associative IMHA in cats. Lack of standardized treatment protocols for non-associative IMHA in cats. Need for further studies to compare the efficacy of different treatment regimens.

    Clinical Findings, Treatment and Long-Term Outcome in 37 Cats with Non-Associative Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia: A Retrospective Observational Study of Two Treatment Cohorts · 2026 · DOI

  • Further studies are needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of MZB1 expression and its association with long-term maintenance of high anti-HBs titers. Studies are needed to develop novel strategies to improve the immune responses to HepB vaccination. Research is needed to validate the findings of this study in larger cohorts.

    MZB1 expression levels are associated with long-term maintenance of high anti-HBs titers: single-cell RNA-seq with validation by nested case-control and intervention studies · 2026 · DOI

  • The mechanism of low- or non-response to HepB vaccination remains obscured. There is a need to identify biomarkers to predict the long-term maintenance of high anti-HBs titers. The association between MZB1 expression levels and long-term maintenance of high anti-HBs titers is not well understood.

    MZB1 expression levels are associated with long-term maintenance of high anti-HBs titers: single-cell RNA-seq with validation by nested case-control and intervention studies · 2026 · DOI

  • Investigate more advanced CNN architectures and transfer-learning approaches. Personalized image-quality assessment before classification.

    Automated Blood Group Detection Using Fingerprint Biometrics and Deep Learning · 2026 · DOI

  • Small sample size - Retrospective study - Ig gene repertoire analysis was not performed - Limited availability of IGHV analysis

    The impact of chemoimmunotherapy on primary cold agglutinin disease and Waldenström macroglobulinemia-associated cold agglutinin syndrome · 2026 · DOI

  • Investigation of Ig gene usage and somatic hypermutation in CAD - Further study of MYD88 L265P status in WM-CAS - Larger prospective studies to confirm findings

    The impact of chemoimmunotherapy on primary cold agglutinin disease and Waldenström macroglobulinemia-associated cold agglutinin syndrome · 2026 · DOI

  • The study is a case report, - The patient’s sample size is limited to one, - There is no control group, - The study does not provide a comprehensive analysis of the patient’s genetic background

    Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction mediated by anti-Jkb antibody in a pediatric patient with β-thalassemia major: a case report illustrating an anamnestic alloimmune response · 2026 · DOI

  • The difficulty in detecting anti-Jkb antibodies due to their low titers and weak avidity. The need for improved diagnostic techniques for non-ABO alloantibody-mediated reactions.

    Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction mediated by anti-Jkb antibody in a pediatric patient with β-thalassemia major: a case report illustrating an anamnestic alloimmune response · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of effective treatments for ceftriaxone-induced hemolytic crisis. Conventional supportive measures may be insufficient in some cases. There is a need for a rescue-treatment option for patients with ongoing life-threatening hemolysis, shock, or evolving organ injury despite initial measures.

    Commentary: First application of whole blood exchange-lymphoplasmapheresis combined transfusion for restoring immune homeostasis of ceftriaxone-induced hemolytic crisis: a case report · 2026 · DOI

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84 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 395 Blood groups and transfusion papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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