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Open research questions in Cardiovascular and Diving-Related Complications

96 gap statements mined from Cardiovascular and Diving-Related Complications papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 479 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

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What the literature leaves open

  • and between subclinical integrating continuous Future research should focus on prospective multicentre registries rhythm monitoring with nationwide administrative follow-up in order to reconcile the clinically manifest discrepancy arrhythmic burden after closure. Further investigation into imaging-, biomarker- and late atrial arrhythmogenesis may enable development of personalised post- closure surveillance strategies in this expanding patient population.

    Long-term incidence of first hospital-recorded atrial arrhythmias and all-cause mortality after percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure: a single-centre cohort linked to Czech nationwide administrative health data · 2026 · DOI

  • How the current results of calibrating SQV to SvO2 can be translated to the awake individual, has not yet been investigated.

    Monitoring changes in mixed venous oxygen saturation using photoplethysmography on the sternum – a proof of concept study · 2026 · DOI

  • Notably, while both Children and Adults exhibited similar heart rate responses, Adults experienced significantly lower post-dive oxygen saturation levels, emphasizing the need for further research into age- related differences in diving physiology.

    Physiologic response to distance diving in healthy children and young adults · 2025 · DOI

  • 1443214 The major limitation of our study lies in the limited number of participants, mainly in the patient group.

    Autonomic dysfunction as a possible cause of sudden cardiac death in swimming sports · 2024 · DOI

  • Future research should focus on clarifying the potential pathogenesis and risk factors behind these arrhythmias, as well as their clinical significance and optimal management.

    Arrhythmias Following Patent Foramen Ovale Closure: An Unsolved Enigma · 2024 · DOI

  • However, accurate identification of pathogenic PFO remains a challenge in current clinical practice, and the indications, timing, and long-term safety of PFO closure remain controversial.

    Patent Foramen Ovale: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management · 2026 · DOI

  • Sex-specific differences in patient characteristics and outcomes after percutaneous PFO closure remain poorly understood.

    Impact of sex on clinical characteristics and outcomes after percutaneous PFO closure · 2026 · DOI

  • Although limited, these findings suggest meaningful sex-related differences that warrant further investigation.

    Impact of sex on clinical characteristics and outcomes after percutaneous PFO closure · 2026 · DOI

  • While the extent to which cetaceans experience decompression sickness remains debated, this group of fully aquatic mammals must have evolved a tolerance to damaging nitrogen (N2) gas bubbles that can form during overly rapid ascents or after prolonged dives.

    Adaptive evolution of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) may reduce cetacean susceptibility to decompression sickness · 2026 · DOI

  • AIMS: There is no standardized global framework for device size selection in transcatheter atrial septal defect (ASD) closure.

    Routine application of three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography-based device selection for transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect without balloon sizing · 2026 · DOI

  • The present data alone are insufficient to establish a direct causal link between PFO and severe cardiovascular events in patients with CAD.

    Patent foramen ovale as a high-risk marker in coronary artery disease patients: response to Dr Ashish H. Shah · 2026 · DOI

  • AIMS: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is associated with a variety of clinical events; however, its association with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unclear.

    Patent foramen ovale is a significant risk factor for patients with coronary artery disease: a long-term follow-up study · 2025 · DOI

  • Abstract Background Limited information is available regarding the use of a coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) plus stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (S-CMR) strategy in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS).

    Value of a coronary CT angiography plus stress cardiac MRI strategy for the evaluation of patients with CCS in the real world · 2024 · DOI

  • While the luminal wall of the RVOT is often assumed to be without the complex trabecular meshwork that characterizes the right ventricular free wall, the anatomy of the RVOT is an understudied subject.

    The smooth-walled human RVOT contains trabeculations that cause conduction delay · 2024 · DOI

  • Misidentification of the inferior rim of the defect. Limited acoustic windows for TTE. Inconclusive echocardiography results.

    Hypoxemia After Inferior Atrial Septal Defect Repair Due to Iatrogenic Diversion of Inferior Vena Cava to Left Atrium: A Case Report · 2026 · DOI

  • Iatrogenic diversion of the IVC into the left atrium is a rare but important complication following surgical closure of ASD. There is a need for awareness of this complication and its evaluation using cross-sectional imaging.

    Hypoxemia After Inferior Atrial Septal Defect Repair Due to Iatrogenic Diversion of Inferior Vena Cava to Left Atrium: A Case Report · 2026 · DOI

  • Further experiments are required to clarify the change and underlying mechanisms under hyperbaric oxygen exposure. Research on the clinical applications of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning is needed.

    Induction of protective proteins is fundamental to hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning · 2026 · DOI

  • There is limited clinical evidence regarding HBOT for hypoxic encephalopathy induced by occupational exposure to toxic gases.

    Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for ischemic encephalopathy following occupational exposure to high-concentration toxic gases: two Case Reports · 2026 · DOI

  • The inability to perform an effective Valsalva maneuver during the cTEE procedure. The suboptimal diagnostic yield of previous clinical studies including TEE with sedation. The need for a strictly predefined TEE protocol implemented by experienced echocardiographic specialists.

    Additive Value of Transesophageal Echocardiography Without Sedation for Diagnosis of a High-Risk Patent Foramen Ovale · 2026 · DOI

  • Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of patients with HRPFO diagnosed using cTEE without sedation. The development of guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of HRPFO is needed. The use of cTEE without sedation in other patient populations, such as those with stroke of unknown origin, should be investigated.

    Additive Value of Transesophageal Echocardiography Without Sedation for Diagnosis of a High-Risk Patent Foramen Ovale · 2026 · DOI

  • Extreme environmental stressors in deep diving. Limited understanding of the mechanisms of cognitive impairment. Difficulty in monitoring and preventing cognitive deterioration.

    Imbalanced cortisol/BDNF signals and oxidative stress underscore temporary cognitive impairment in deep divers after in water/surface decompression: proof of concept · 2026 · DOI

  • The effects of deep diving on cognitive impairment are not well understood. The mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammation in deep divers are unclear.

    Imbalanced cortisol/BDNF signals and oxidative stress underscore temporary cognitive impairment in deep divers after in water/surface decompression: proof of concept · 2026 · DOI

  • It is most commonly associated with intracardiac right-to-left shunting, often through a patent foramen ovale (PFO), and is frequently under-recognized.

    Platypnea-Orthodeoxia Syndrome in a Frail Elderly Patient: It's Not Always Pneumonia · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should explore the effects of the military 5 mm wetsuit under immersed conditions to better understand their operational impact on diver performance and safety.

    Impact of neoprene wetsuits on lung volumes and work of breathing: implications for military diver safety and performance · 2026 · DOI

  • BACKGROUND: Left ventricular (LV) dysfunction is a potential cardioembolic source of ischemic stroke, but its role in recurrent stroke risk and treatment response remains unclear.

    Recurrent Stroke in Patients With Cryptogenic Stroke and Left Ventricular Injury: The Cardiac Abnormalities in Stroke Prevention and Recurrence (CASPR) Study · 2026 · DOI

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96 gap statements have been mined from Cardiovascular and Diving-Related Complications papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 479 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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