Open research questions in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
89 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 438 Chemistry and Chemical Engineering papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.
What the literature leaves open
Conclusions This study addressed key challenges in the course Environmental Protection in Oil and Gas Fields for the Applied Chemistry major at Yangtze University under a 32-hour purely theoretical teaching framework. The proposed reform strategies have been validated Volume 8(5): 7-8 Citation: Kangle Ding, Shuiqing Li, Tengfei Wang, Fuwei Lu, Xiaorong Yu, et al. (2026) Teaching Reform and Practice of the Course Environmental Protection in Oil and Gas Fields for Undergraduate Students Majoring in Applied Chemistry: A Case Study of the College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University. Journal of Earth and Environmental Science Research. SRC/JEESR-378. DOI: doi.org/10.47363/JEESR/2026(8)290J Ear Environ Sci Res, 2026 through teaching practice, demonstrating that: • Optimizing teaching content by emphasizing Applied Chemistry characteristics and integrating the latest industry developments effectively enhances students’ professional identity and learning motivation; Innovative teaching approaches—such as case-based learning, group discussions, and virtual simulation—can compensate for the absence of practical components and strengthen students’ ability to apply knowledge; • • An improved assessment system combining continuous evaluation and research reports enables a comprehensive evaluation of students’ learning processes and competencies, thereby enhancing overall teaching quality; • The supporting teaching schedule reform comparison table ensures the effective implementation of reform strategies, achieving precise alignment between instructional objectives, disciplinary characteristics, and industry demands for each class session.
Teaching Reform and Practice of the Course Environmental Protectionin Oil and Gas Fields for Undergraduate Students Majoring in Applied Chemistry: A Case Study of the College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University · 2026 · DOIFuture efforts will focus on further advancing the reform through: • Developing additional virtual simulation resources tailored to purely theoretical teaching to enrich practice-oriented learning scenarios; Improving the compilation of Applied Chemistry-oriented teaching materials by incorporating more research achievements and local case studies; Expanding school–enterprise collaboration channels to involve more industry experts in teaching, thereby strengthening the industry relevance of the course; • • Exploring deeper integration of ideological and political education with professional teaching to achieve a unified framework of knowledge transmission, competency development, and value cultivation; • Continuously optimizing weekly teaching content and methods based on the teaching schedule comparison table to enhance instructional precision and effectiveness.
Teaching Reform and Practice of the Course Environmental Protectionin Oil and Gas Fields for Undergraduate Students Majoring in Applied Chemistry: A Case Study of the College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University · 2026 · DOIOne key limitation identified is the lack of large-scale empirical studies quantifying the long-term economic and environmental impacts of green chemistry adoption across different industrial sectors (Náray-Szabó, 2018).
long-term safety and sustainability of the resource base for “green energy” development. to ensure to Êeywords: energy resource base, rare earth elements, global mining, nuclear efficiency. ВВЕДЕНИЕ «Íîîñôåðà åñòü íîâîå ãåîëîãè÷åñêîå ÿâëåíèå íà íàøåé ïëàíåòå.  íåé âïåðâûå ÷åëîâåê ñòàíîâèòñÿ êðóïíåéøåé ãåîëîãè÷åñêîé ñèëîé. Îí ìîæåò è äîëæåí ïåðåñòðàèâàòü ñâîèì òðóäîì è ìûñëüþ îáëàñòü ñâîåé æèçíè, ïåðåñòðàèâàòü êîðåííûì îáðàçîì ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ òåì, ÷òî áûëî ðàíüøå. Ïåðåä íèì îòêðûâàþòñÿ âñ¸ áîëåå è áîëåå øèðîêèå òâîð÷åñêèå âîçìîæíîñòè. È, ìîæåò áûòü, ïîêîëåíèå ìîåé âíó÷êè óæå ïðèáëèçèòñÿ ê èõ ðàñöâåòó», – ïèñàë âåëèêèé ðîññèéñêèé ôèëîñîô è åñòåñòâîè- ñïûòàòåëü Â.È. Âåðíàäñêèé â çíàìåíèòîé ðàáîòå “Íåñêîëüêî ñëîâ î íîîñôåðå” (Âåðíàäñêèé, 1944). «Ïîêîëåíèå âíó÷êè» – ýòî íûíåøíåå âðåìÿ, è ñåé÷àñ íàäî ïîïûòàòüñÿ îòâåòèòü íà ñëåäóþùèå âîïðîñû:  êàêîé ñòåïåíè ìû ïðèáëèçèëèñü ê ðàñöâåòó òâîð÷åñêèõ âîçìîæíîñòåé ÷åëîâåêà? Êàê «êîðåííûì îáðàçîì» ïåðåñòðàèâàåòñÿ áèîñôå- ðà ïîä âëèÿíèåì ÷åëîâåêà? Ìàñøòàáû ÷åëîâå÷åñêîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè âîçðîñëè ñ ñåðåäèíû 20-ãî âåêà íàñòîëüêî ðåçêî, ÷òî îòíîñè- òåëüíî ñòàáèëüíàÿ îêðóæàþùàÿ ñðåäà ýïîõè ãîëîöåíà, åäèíñòâåííîãî ïåðèîäà ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ïëàíåòû, äëÿ êîòîðîãî èçâåñòíî, ÷òî îí ìîæåò ïîääåðæèâàòü ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèå ñîâðåìåííîãî ÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî îáùåñòâà, â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ïðåòåðïåâàåò ñóùåñòâåííûå èçìåíåíèÿ. Òî÷êîé ãåîëîãè÷åñêîé ýïîõè, êîòîðàÿ îòñ÷åòà íîâîé ïîëó÷èëà íàçâàíèå àíòðîïîöåí, ïðèíÿòî ñ÷èòàòü ãîäû íà÷àëà “Âåëèêîãî Óñêîðåíèÿ” – 1950-1952 ãã. (Crutzen, 2002; Steffen et al., 2015). Íà ýòîé ñòàäèè àíàëèçà è îáñóæäåíèÿ ïðîãíîçà Â.È. Âåðíàäñêîãî ìîæíî ñêàçàòü: «Äà, ïðîãíîç ñáûëñÿ». Äåéñòâè- òåëüíî, ÷åëîâåê ñåãîäíÿ â ñîñòîÿíèè ìåíÿòü îêðóæàþùóþ ñðåäó â òàêîé æå ñòåïåíè, êàê è ãåîëî- ãè÷åñêèå ñèëû ïðèðîäû. Íàñòóïèâøèé àíòðîïîöåí ïðèíåñ ñ ñîáîé ðÿä äîòîëå íåâèäàííûõ ãëîáàëüíûõ ïðîáëåì: êîíå÷íîñòü ðÿäà ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ, ãëîáàëüíîå èçìåíåíèå êëèìàòà, äåãðàäàöèÿ ñèñòåì ïîääåðæàíèÿ æèçíè íà Çåìëå è äðóãèõ. Ðåàêöèåé íàó÷íîãî ñîîáùåñòâà ÿâèëîñü ñîçäà- íèå êîìïüþòåðíûõ ìîäåëåé âîçìîæíûõ òðàåêòîðèé ðàçâèòèÿ áóäóùåãî ÷åëîâå÷åñêîé öèâèëèçàöèè.  ÷àñòíîñòè, ðåçóëüòàòû ïîñòðîåíèÿ ïðîãíîçîâ ñ ïîìîùüþ ìîäåëè World3 (å¸ àâòîðû Äîíåëëà Ìåäîóç, Äåííèñ Ìåäîóç, Éîðãåí Ðàíäåðñ è Óèëüÿì Áåðåíñ III) ïîêàçàëè, ÷òî ïðè ñóùåñòâóþùåì óðîâíå ïîòðåáëåíèÿ è îãðàíè÷åííûõ ðåñóðñàõ â ñåðåäèíå 20-õ ãîäîâ 21-ãî âåêà (òî÷êà íàøåãî ñåãîäíÿ) ìîæåò íàáëþäàòüñÿ ñåðèÿ êðèçèñíûõ ÿâëåíèé, óãðîæàþùèõ ñóùåñòâîâàíèþ öèâèëèçàöèè. Ðåçóëü- òàòû ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ áûëè îïóáëèêîâàíû â ìîíîãðàôèè “The Limits to Growth” â 1972 ãîäó (Meadows et al., 1972). Êíèãà ïðîèçâåëà íàñòîÿùèé âçðûâ â îáùåñòâå è ÿâèëàñü ïðîëîãîì ïîÿâëåíèÿ êîíöåïöèè óñòîé÷èâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ êàê àëüòåðíàòèâû «àíòðîïîöåíó». Ðàçðàáîòêà èäåé óñòîé÷èâîãî 1.
Textile industries are the major contributors to water and general environmental pollution as they release undesirable dye effluents (Yaseen and Scholz, 2019). Conventional wastewater treatment methods biological) and demonstrate several in the elimination of dyes, including low removal efficiencies towards non-biodegradable and refractory organic dyes as well as lengthy treatment times (Crini and Lichtfouse, 2019). These traditional methods are also not very destructive, and usually work by changing the dyes to another form and therefore cause the formation of secondary pollutants. A plethora of research has thus been conducted on the use of sonophotocatalysis as an alternative treatment method for wastewaters containing dyes as listed in Table 2 (Vinu and Madras, 2009; Paramarta and Saleh, 2018; Lops et al., 2019; Razaghi et al., 2021; Al-Hawary et al., 2023; Kucukcongar et al., 2023). et al. Al-Hawary (2023) depicted the mechanism of sonophotocatalytic treatment of dyes, using acid red 14 (AR14) as a model pollutant as shown in Figure 5. They reported that the AR14 dye removal can be achieved in solution and catalyst surface through sonolysis and sonocatalytic processes. They also reported that the combination of ultrasound and light radiation was highly efficient as it enhanced the formation of e–/h+ pairs in the valence and conduction bands of particles resulting in increased ROS generation. Their research findings also showed that the removal efficiency of AR14 increased with increasing operating parameters such as nanoparticle content, ultrasound frequency, and radiation power, while it decreased with increasing the initial pH and initial concentration of AR14 (Al-Hawary et al., 2023). Just as with photocatalysis, the degradation efficiency in the sonophotocatalysis process can be influenced by the morphology of materials used, since photosensitization occurs on the surface of the semiconductor. To prove this, Lops et al.
For instance, the precise mechanism through which molecules present in plant extracts impede corrosion and the specific constituents responsible for this phenomenon remain elusive. Future research on the usage of semi-synthetic chemicals, par- ticularly those produced by MW and US irradiation in conjunc- tion with MCRs, is warranted, given their many positive green attributes.
Principles and theories of green chemistry for corrosion science and engineering: design and application · 2024 · DOIDFT calculations on static structures provided insights into conformational preferences in JFH coupling of fluorinated amino alcohols, but did not explain all features of the spectra; more sophisticated molecular dynamics simulations were needed for full clarity.
Further realistic VOC reductions from solvents are questioned, as current emission levels have stabilized and technical optimization has reached practical limits despite continued industry efforts.
The completion of the EU-LCI list by a group of experts is still ongoing and is a key prerequisite for defining VOC classes under the proposed Delegated Regulation on construction products.
It is technically impossible to remove all VOCs while retaining process or product performance in most cases, representing a fundamental technical limitation that prevents complete VOC elimination.
The paper measures science process skills averaging 83.25% but does not investigate differential impacts across individual skill types or identify which specific skills require additional instructional support.
Development of An Environmental Chemistry Module Based on Green Chemistry Principles Through Project Activities · 2024 · DOISustainability in organic synthesis has emerged as a pivotal challenge for the chemistry community, driven by increasing global awareness and a concerted effort to reduce waste generation.10,38,39,207,333 The past decade has witnessed significant strides in integrating green chemistry principles, encompassing strategies such as enhancing atom economy, devising alternative synthetic routes for feedstocks, promoting sustainable biocatalysis, utilizing eco-friendly solvents—preferably water—designing safer chemicals, and prioritizing waste manon recyclability.10,17,21,23,333,334 agement with a Additionally, the burgeoning field of nanotechnology holds promise for chemistry, mainly through utilizing novel NPs catalysis, which can offer enhanced efficiency and selectivity compared to traditional methodologies.212,266 Leveraging active metals in aqueous micellar conditions presents a viable option;321 however, challenges such as low reactivity and selectivity, particularly with non-precious metals, must be addressed.228 Advancements towards achieving catalysis at the parts per million level using precious metals like Pd in aqueous media represent significant strides toward sustainability.259,262,264,265,269,335 revolutionizing synthetic focus The integration of organometallic catalysts with designer surfactants has yielded promising outcomes in micellar catalysis,137,138,185 with further potential seen in extending micellar catalysis with nanocatalysis to address environmental concerns.169 Notably, the recyclability of catalysts and reaction media, alongside the enhanced stability of NPs within the micellar core, presents exciting prospects for reducing toxicorganic waste and unlocking unique reactivities unattainable in organic solvents.135,184,267 However, it’s imperative to consider potential risks associated with metal contamination of water in aqueous chemistry, as well as the toxicity of designer surfactants.162,336 Careful attention to surfactant molecules’ in their biodegradability and toxicity profiles is essential design. Notably, some of the commercially available surfactants, like alkyl benzene sulfonate-based anionic surfactants, quaternary ammonium ethoxylated, and alcohol ethoxylates, cause harmful effects on aquatic/terrestrial ecosystems.162,337 Also, PEG ethers are suspected to impact skin toxicity significantly.338 Therefore, while designing a surfactant molecule, its biodegradability and toxicity should be carefully considered. The Lipshutz group has tackled the problem of toxicity caused by PEG ethers by creating a surfactant known as Savie,183 which is based on polysarcosine and vitamin E. However, any further modifications to this surfactant must maintain its necessary benign properties while addressing its toxicity concerns to avoid potential toxicological issues. Notably, due to the high solubility profile, toxic contaminants or organic pollutants are highly soluble in micellar solutions resulting in the professionally.339 need tackle wastewater activities to 6308 | Green Chem., 2024, 26, 6289–6317 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2024 Published on 03 May 2024. Downloaded by Kirikkale University on 3/11/2026 12:40:39 PM.
Commitment to implementing and maintaining standards for custom computer code, NMR spectra, and electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation to ensure reproducible…
While the paper demonstrates that pharmaceutical context captured interest across pre-health, chemical engineering, and ecology students, it does not provide empirical data comparing student engagement levels or systems thinking skill development across these different disciplinary subgroups, nor does it investigate whether discipline-specific pharmaceutical examples (production-focused for engineering students, environmental fate for ecology students) produce differential learning outcomes.
Using the chemistry of pharmaceuticals to introduce sustainable chemistry and systems thinking in general chemistry · 2020 · DOIThe life cycle analysis writing assignment assessed student understanding of pharmaceutical systems, but the paper does not report quantitative data on student performance metrics, assessment rubric results, or comparative analysis of learning outcomes between the whole-class writing assignment approach and the small-group SOCME diagram approach for the same student population.
Using the chemistry of pharmaceuticals to introduce sustainable chemistry and systems thinking in general chemistry · 2020 · DOIThe paper identifies that scaling SOCME diagram activities to whole-class settings requires 'significant instructional efforts and resources' but does not specify the quantitative resource requirements, class size thresholds, or instructor training protocols needed to implement this scaling in large-enrollment general chemistry courses with 100+ students.
Using the chemistry of pharmaceuticals to introduce sustainable chemistry and systems thinking in general chemistry · 2020 · DOISmall group construction of SOCME diagrams was reported as particularly challenging, with students preferring collaborative in-class discussion over independent small-group work. However, the paper does not specify what particular cognitive or logistical obstacles made the expansion process difficult, nor does it investigate how different types of instructor scaffolding (e.g., guided questioning, concept mapping templates, peer feedback protocols) might reduce these challenges in small-group settings.
Using the chemistry of pharmaceuticals to introduce sustainable chemistry and systems thinking in general chemistry · 2020 · DOIStudents demonstrated limited perspective when exploring how science is used in society, with narrow coverage of 'ethics and economics' subsystems compared to diverse scientific topics. The paper suggests this reflects students' extended science coursework background relative to social science coursework, but does not investigate whether targeted pre-instruction in social science frameworks for pharmaceutical systems could broaden student conceptualization of societal implications before SOCME diagram construction.
Using the chemistry of pharmaceuticals to introduce sustainable chemistry and systems thinking in general chemistry · 2020 · DOIThe paper reports that antimalarial drug mechanisms are presented qualitatively with context-specific interest (e.g., in malaria-endemic regions), but does not specify whether computational structure-activity relationship (SAR) modeling or quantitative binding affinity predictions for plasmodium protein targets should be incorporated, or how to validate student predictions against known antimalarial potency data.
Computational chemistry for green design in chemistry and pharmacy: Building awareness in the classroom · 2020 · DOIThe discussion of cavity-containing molecular systems for drug delivery mentions an ongoing computational investigation of acylphloroglucinol nanoparticle properties, but does not specify what structural features of open-closed transformations should be calculated computationally, what validation metrics should be used to assess drug encapsulation efficacy, or how biodegradability predictions should be integrated into the curriculum.
Computational chemistry for green design in chemistry and pharmacy: Building awareness in the classroom · 2020 · DOIThe paper introduces drug-protein interaction mechanisms and DNA intercalation qualitatively through images but does not specify computational protocols for teaching how to evaluate molecular flatness/rigidity metrics quantitatively or how to validate predicted intercalation geometries against crystallographic structures in a classroom setting.
Computational chemistry for green design in chemistry and pharmacy: Building awareness in the classroom · 2020 · DOIWhile the paper discusses solvent effects on conformational preferences using implicit solvation models (Fig. 3) and explicit water molecule adducts, it does not specify which solvation methods (continuum vs. explicit vs. hybrid) should be taught at different educational stages, or provide empirical validation comparing classroom computational predictions against experimental solvent-dependent conformational data for small molecules.
Computational chemistry for green design in chemistry and pharmacy: Building awareness in the classroom · 2020 · DOIThe paper demonstrates qualitative visualization of molecular vibrations and their connection to IR spectra in undergraduate courses, but does not specify whether quantitative frequency calculations should be introduced at what educational level or how students' conceptual understanding of vibrational modes progresses from qualitative visualization to quantitative computation.
Computational chemistry for green design in chemistry and pharmacy: Building awareness in the classroom · 2020 · DOIChanging the Synthetic Route. Chem. Rev. 2006, 106 (7), 3002− 3027. (11) Leng, R. B.; Emonds, M. V. M.; Hamilton, C. T.; Ringer, J. W. Holistic Route Selection Org. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2012, 16 (3), 415−424. (12) Constable, D. J. C. Green Chemistry Metrics. JOURNAL 2018, 1. (13) Li, J.; Albrecht, J.; Borovika, A.; Eastgate, M. D. Evolving Green Chemistry Metrics into Predictive Tools for Decision Making and Benchmarking Analytics. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2018, 6 (1), 1121−1132. (14) Veleva, V. R.; Cue, B. W.; Todorova, S. Benchmarking Green Chemistry Adoption by the Global Pharmaceutical Supply Chain. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2018, 6 (1), 2−14. (15) Green Chemistry Institute. https://www.acs.org/content/acs/ en/greenchemistry/industry-roundtables/pharmaceutical.html/ (accessed Mar 9, 2019). (16) Innovative Medicines Initiative. https://www.imi.europa.eu/ (accessed Mar 9, 2019). (17) Kaiser, D.; Yang, J.; Wuitschik, G. Using Data Analysis To Evaluate and Compare Chemical Syntheses. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2018, 22 (9), 1222−1235. 4582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00344 J. Org. Chem.
pubs.acs.org/joc Greening Organic Chemistry with Process Chemistry Kai Rossen* H. Lundbeck A/S Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark for this Special instead appearing in patentsif A fter having been an industrial process chemist for more than 30 years, I was honored to be asked to share my personal view of organic process chemistry, the subset of organic chemistry that scales up reactions to industrially useful Issue “Excellence in Industrial volumes, Organic Synthesis 2019.” Oftentimes the visibility of industrial chemistry research is limited, not making it onto journal pages it appears anywhere but publiclybecause of the work. the proprietary nature of Indeed, industrial chemists are often discouraged or even prevented from publishing their research. Academic chemists, on the other hand, often do not peruse the patent literature. This “lack of communication” dampens the advancement of chemistry research and development to a certain degree. That is why a Special Issue in an academic journal focusing on research carried out in industry is important to help open new channels for communication. I think it is important to step back and look at what organic chemistry is all abouta brief look at the past is instructive for looking toward the future. Organic chemistry is inherent in Nature. In its most basic sense, life on Earth is a complex and fascinating exercise of nonequilibrium applied organic chemistry. Nature uses organic chemistry to achieve function. Microorganisms, plants, and animals in turn invest heavily in organic chemistry to gain advantages for survival.1 As we have evolved, humans have used whatever was at our disposal to improve our chances for survival and well-being. In this context, we have used large-scale organic chemistry for millennia in a purely utilitarian manner without understanding the underlying processes. For at least 9000 years people have utilized biotechnological processes to prepare aqueous ethanolic solutions from various sources of sugar that increase interactions.2 our chances of survival by improving social Documented use of plant extracts by Chinese physicians to treat malaria goes back over 2000 years.3 The Vikings were only able to travel in ships from Europe to North America some 1000 years ago because of the large-scale production of tar from wood.4 The knowledge of craftsmen and alchemists of a bygone era was not scientific by today’s standards, but a deep and sophisticated knowledge enabled them to use organic chemistry on scale to achieve practical benefits. The shift toward fundamental understanding of science for knowledge’s sake began in the 18th century and developed rapidly during the 19th century. Curiosity to understand the functioning of our world was a key driver. But applications, both for the creation of wealth and for the power of the state, may have been even more important.
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