Open research questions in Extracellular vesicles in disease

What the literature leaves open

• In particular, direct experimental evidence demonstrating that aged-cell-derived EVs or exosomes alter DNA methylation clock readings in human keratinocytes or dermal fibroblasts is currently lacking.

  Extracellular Vesicles and Epigenetic Aging Clocks in Tissue Aging: An Exosome-Focused Conceptual Framework with a Focus on Skin · 2026 · DOI

• 2026;7:927-44 CMC manufacturing, the impact of donor-to-donor variability on these molecular profiles remains to be determined. Although a significant amount of validation work remains to be performed, these findings pave the way toward ensuring the production of safe and consistent UCMSC-EVs as a next-generation ophthalmic therapy.

  Molecular profiling and functional analyses of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for dry eye diseases · 2026 · DOI

• Future research should focus on standardizing EV isolation and characterization methods, verifying the safety and efficacy of EV-based therapies in clinical trials, and elucidating the complex biological mechanisms of EVs in aging and disease.

  Insights into extracellular vesicles in senescence-associated chronic lung diseases · 2026 · DOI

• Yilin Wang 1, Huifang Yang 1, Kexin Tang 1, Tang Tang 1 and Jing Guo 2* 1School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 2Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (ROS) homeostasis, attenuate The extreme high-altitude environment—characterized by hypobaric hypoxia, intense ultraviolet radiation, and severe cold and aridity—imposes complex physical and biochemical stresses that synergistically drive pronounced cutaneous oxidative stress and barrier collapse. Given the limited capacity of conventional interventions to restore damaged cutaneous microenvironments, stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (SC-EVs) have emerged as a promising cell-free regenerative modality for multitarget intervention. By delivering a diverse repertoire of bioactive molecules, SC-EVs concurrently help restore reactive inflammatory cascades, oxygen species modulate angiogenesis, and mitigate extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, thereby promoting coordinated restoration of cutaneous homeostasis. Nevertheless, the rapid in vivo clearance and limited structural stability of native EVs severely bottleneck their clinical translation. To surmount these limitations, advanced nanodelivery platforms—such as stimuli-responsive hydrogels and liposomal hybrids—may provide strategies to improve the targeted spatial retention, spatiotemporal release, and overall bioavailability of EVs. This review systematically summarizes and discusses the molecular mechanisms by which SC-EVs counteract composite high-altitude skin injuries. By bridging cutting-edge nanodelivery technologies with altitudespecific translational framework for developing non-invasive nanotherapeutics tailored for the precise prevention and treatment of high-altitude dermatological damage.

  Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for high-altitude skin injuries: pathological mechanisms, advanced Nano-delivery, and translational perspectives · 2026 · DOI

• First, the precise stoichiometry and dynamics of suboptimal BAX activation remain to be elucidated, potentially via deep mutational scanning or computational affinity improvement. Second, cross-species immu- nogenicity, long-term tissue retention, and pharmacokinetic profil- ing remain to be quantified. Several aspects warrant further investigation.

  Engineered exosomes deliver structurally optimized toad BAX to reactivate mitochondrial apoptosis in colorectal cancer · 2026 · DOI

• The lack of standardized methods for EV isolation, characterization, and quantification hinders reproduci- bility and comparability across studies [37].

  Glia cell-derived extracellular vesicles as modulators in spinal cord injury repair · 2026 · DOI

• Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate tumour-immune communication and are a promising source of circulating biomarkers, though their proteomic role in predicting ICI response remains poorly defined C_LIO_LIWhat this study adds - Our findings suggest that EVs provide a minimally invasive, systems-level readout of tumour-immune dynamics and can simultaneously serve as a source of predictive biomarkers and mechanistic insight into treatment resistance.

  Immune Checkpoint Response Profiles and Resistance Mechanisms in NSCLC Revealed by Circulating Extracellular Vesicle Proteomics · 2026 · DOI

• AD patient brains manifest changes in extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from diseased neurons, and the effect of this phenomenon remains poorly understood.

  Molecular and Structural Characterization Reveals Divergent Extracellular Vesicle Profiles Between Wild Type and Alzheimer's Disease Cerebrocortical Organoids · 2026 · DOI

• A major limitation in interpreting and improving EV cargo delivery is that the efficiency of each step is poorly characterized and as such the mechanisms governing cytosolic delivery remain unclear.

  Verkenning van een strategie om de inhoud en activiteit van extracellulaire vesikels aan te passen · 2026

• However, implementing EV biomarker technologies in the clinic remains limited by the need for practical and patient-centric biofluid collection methods that are compatible with downstream EV processing and analysis.

  CandyCollect: An Open-Microfluidic Device for the Direct Capture and Analysis of Salivary-Extracellular Vesicles · 2026 · DOI

• Recent advances in the bioengineering and clinical applications of EVs, including those derived from plant and mammalian sources, have underscored their dual potential as innovative drug delivery systems and therapeutic tools. To fully realize this potential (particularly in neurodegenerative diseases), future work must prioritize two interconnected strategies: (1) standardization of isolation and characterization protocols to ensure reproducibility across studies; and (2) targeted validation of disease-specific biomarkers in salivary EVs to enhance their clinical utility. Advanced single-particle characterization approaches, such as nano-flow cytometry, now enable the simultaneous measurement of EV size, concentration, and surface marker expression at the single-particle level, representing an emerging gold standard for EV characterization. Unlike conventional bulk techniques (e.g., NTA, Western blotting), which provide limited resolution of vesicle heterogeneity and cargo distribution, nano-flow cytometry can resolve subpopulations of salivary EVs, including those enriched with neuron-derived markers [e.g., ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha-3 (ATP1A3)] or pathological cargo (e.g., phosphorylated tau, α-synuclein oligomers). Applying this technology to saliva-derived EVs would enable precise quantification of tetraspanin-positive vesicles and lipid bilayer-containing particles [using probes such as CellMaskTM Deep Red (CMDR) or ExoBrite dyes], while also facilitating disease-specific biomarker validation. For instance, EVs carrying phosphorylated tau (p-Tau; Thr181), amyloid-beta 42 peptide (Aβ42), or oligomeric α-synuclein have emerged as promising biomarkers for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, detectable years before clinical onset[75,76]. Similarly, miRNAs (e.g., miR-132, miR-212) and protein cargo in circulating EVs may reflect early neuronal dysfunction and disease progression[66,77]. Implementing these analyses across diverse isolation methods will provide critical quantitative insights into EV purity, composition, and biological relevance, representing key steps toward establishing standardized benchmarks for salivary EV characterization. Page 899 Simphor et al. Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucleic Acids. 2026;7:878-903 Moving forward, harmonization of isolation protocols, implementation of robust quality control metrics, and improvement in automation will be critical for reducing technical variability and enabling reproducibility across studies. Such standardization will accelerate the integration of salivary EVs into biomarker development pipelines, supporting their potential as scalable, non-invasive tools for precision diagnostics, including the monitoring of neurodegenerative diseases.

  Comparison of extracellular vesicle isolation methods reveals method-dependent protein and miRNA profiles in saliva · 2026 · DOI

• This systematic review focusing on CM-sEVs revealed that Ldb3, CD172a, and Ambra1 are potential specific molecular markers of CM-sEVs. These markers can be used to trace the origin of CM-sEVs and serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers for diseases based on peripheral blood, with broad clinical application prospects. These studies also offer a research paradigm for identifying markers of sEVs from different cellular sources. Furthermore, cardiomyocyte-specific markers such as miR-208a, cTnT/Tnnt2, and α-MHC/Myh6 can be used to aid in the identification of CM-sEVs. The proteins and ncRNAs carried by CM-sEVs show dynamic changes across different CVDs, highlighting their potential clinical value in early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and prognosis evaluation. Moreover, CM-sEVs mediate communication among cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells, thereby highlighting the molecular injury and repair. crosstalk underlying cardiac However, these potential characteristic markers of https://www.medsci.org Int. J. Med. Sci. 2026, Vol. 23 2274 CM-sEVs may partially overlap with those of sEVs immune cells. derived from skeletal muscle or Therefore, further validation is required. In addition, effective in vivo isolation methods for CM-sEVs are lacking, and the dynamic changes and regulatory mechanisms of CM-sEVs cargos during different disease stages remain unclear. These limitations restrict therapeutic application of CM-sEVs in CVDs.

  The Origin and Application of Cardiomyocyte-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles: A Systematic Review · 2026 · DOI

• , apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle) beyond NF-κB pathway activation; the broader consequences of TNFAIP3 down- regulation in OS lung metastasis and the underlying NF-κB- independent mechanisms remain to be elucidated. , metastasis-free survival, overall survival) remain unexplored. , HOS, U-2 OS) was not investigated. As a multifunctional ubiquitin-editing enzyme, TNFAIP3 downregulation in lung fibroblasts may have broader bio- logical consequences beyond NF-κB pathway activation, including potential effects on cellular apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle progression—all of which may contribute to pre-metastatic niche formation through NF-κB-independent mechanisms and warrant further investigation.

  Exosomal miR-27a-3p promotes osteosarcoma lung metastasis by negatively regulating TNFAIP3 to form a premetastatic niche · 2026 · DOI

• PDEVs represent a novel class of bioactive nanocarriers with distinctive value in the interventional strategies for RA. This review systematically examines the potential of PDEVs to intervene in the complex pathological network of RA through multi-target and multi-pathway approaches, including mechanisms such as modu- lating immune cell function, influencing gut microbiota ecology, inhibiting inflammatory cascades, and mitigating oxidative stress. These biological properties, combined with their favorable biocom- patibility, low immunogenicity, and stability during oral delivery, position PDEVs as a bridge connecting traditional phytotherapy and modern precision medicine. However, significant hurdles remain in translating these findings from basic research to clinical application. Currently, isolation and preparation techniques for PDEVs lack standardization, leading to considerable variability in the physicochemical properties and bioactivity of products obtained through different methods. This directly compromises the reliability and reproducibility of research outcomes. More critically, under- standing of their mechanisms of action in vivo, particularly within the local joint microenvironment, remains insufficient. Key issues such as the molecular basis of selective cellular uptake, the intra- cellular release and action pathways of their cargo, and compre- hensive pharmacokinetic profiles require elucidation. These knowledge gaps constrain the rational design and efficient applica- tion of PDEVs. In addition, human RA is complex and heteroge- neous, and current animal models cannot fully replicate the disease. This may reduce the predictive value of preclinical results. Standardized dosing schedules and pharmacokinetic profiles are not yet available for PDEVs. Their biodistribution, tissue deposi- tion, and elimination pathways remain largely unknown. As a result, uncertainty remains about their efficacy, safety, and thera- peutic consistency, which delays the translation of promising preclinical findings into clinical applications. Moreover, PDEVs have not been tested clinically, and robust evidence for their use in RA is still lacking. Therefore, caution is needed when extrapolating the available literature to clinical use. Despite these limitations, engineering strategies can offer prac- tical pathways to overcome these bottlenecks. Through optimiza- tion of drug-loading techniques, modification with targeting molecules, and integration with advanced biomaterial systems, PDEVs have the potential to evolve from natural bioactive carriers into performance-controllable intelligent delivery platforms. Surface engineering can endow them with tissue-specific targeting capabilities, while delivery systems such as hydrogels and microneedles can significantly prolong their retention at lesion sites and achieve controlled release. These technological advances may help address the limitations of natural PDEVs and could create opportunities for more precise and sustained RA treatment. level Looking ahead, advancing PDEVs research will require coor- dinated efforts across multiple fronts. Firstly, establishing a stan- dardized system for isolation and characterization at the methodological is essential to ensure comparability and reliability of the research foundation. Secondly, employing systems biology approaches to unravel the complex interaction networks of PDEVs within the RA pathological environment, particularly their crosstalk with immune and bone metabolic systems, is crucial. Concurrently, developing more efficient and safer engineering solutions and conducting comprehensive evaluations in disease models that more closely mimic clinical reality will be critical steps toward translational application. Ultimately, only through well-designed clinical studies to verify their safety and efficacy can this promising novel therapeutic strategy be translated into tangible benefits for patients. In summary, PDEVs research lies at the intersection of tradi- tional phytotherapy and modern nanotechnology. Despite persis- tent challenges in standardization, mechanistic understanding, and clinical translation, continued in-depth research and the advance- ment of engineering technologies hold promise for PDEVs as an innovative RA therapy. This could not only enrich existing thera- peutic strategies but also open new avenues for intervention in other autoimmune diseases.

  Plant-derived extracellular vesicles as emerging biotherapeutic agents and delivery vehicles for rheumatoid arthritis: evidence from preclinical models · 2026 · DOI

• 1. Introduction In multicellular organisms, precise intercellular commu‑ nication is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis, 2 GENG et al: SEcRETORY PATHWAY KINASES ScULPT THE cELLULAR dIALOGUE coordinating physiological functions and ensuring proper development (1). This intricate dialogue, facilitated through direct contact or secreted signaling molecules, underpins processes from immune surveillance to neural transmis‑ sion (1,2). dysregulation of these networks is a hallmark of numerous pathologies (3,4), with cancer exemplifying how disrupted signals between tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment drive uncontrolled proliferation, inva‑ sion and metastasis (5). Secretory pathways (6), the cellular machinery responsible for synthesizing, modifying and transporting proteins destined for the cell surface or extracel‑ lular space, play a central role in intercellular signaling (6,7). Through the coordinated action of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus (GA) (8‑10), cells release a variety of bioactive molecules, including growth factors (GFs), cytokines and extracellular matrix (EcM) components (1,11), which govern both autocrine and paracrine communication (11,12). The integrity of this secretory process is crucial, as it directly influences the composition of the cellular secretome and, consequently, the nature of signals received by neighboring and distant cells. Within this context, protein kinases (PKs) serve as key regulators, modulating secretory and signaling events through the reversible process of phosphorylation (13‑15). While the functions of intracellular kinases are well‑documented, a distinct class of enzymes‑secretory pathway kinases and kinase‑like proteins (SPKKPs)‑operates within the luminal compartments of the secretory pathway or the extracellular space itself. These kinases phosphorylate a broad range of secreted proteins and extracellular domains, directly influencing the activity, stability and interactions of critical signaling molecules (1,16,17). SPKKPs occupy a unique and pivotal role at the nexus of secretory pathway function and intercellular communication. By phosphorylating substrates such as GFs, chemokines and EcM proteins, they serve as master regulators of cellular inter‑ actions. Dysregulation of these enzymes disrupts this finely tuned communication, contributing to disease pathogenesis, particularly in cancer. This narrative review synthesizes litera‑ ture from PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), Scopus (https://www.scopus.com/pages/home) and Web of Science (https://webofscience.clarivate.cn/wos/woscc/smart‑search), searched up to October 2025, focusing on how SPKKPs govern intercellular communication, molecular mechanisms, biological functions in health and disease, and their promising potential as novel therapeutic targets.

  Phosphorylation beyond the plasma membrane: How secretory pathway kinases sculpt the cellular dialogue in cancer (Review) · 2026 · DOI

• Yingbo Xiao1, Tao Cui2, Ying Zhou3, Qichao Su1 and Duan Yi4* 1Department of Pain Medicine, The Third Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China, 2Department of Pain Medicine, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing, China, 3Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China, 4Department of Pain Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China low immunogenicity, excellent Exosomes are nanometer-scale extracellular vesicles secreted by cells with a diameter of approximately 30–100 nanometers. Serving as essential messengers for intercellular communication, they play significant roles in both physiological and pathological processes. Their tissue penetrability, and high biocompatibility have positioned them as a research focus for disease diagnostic biomarkers and drug delivery vehicles. Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe traumatic disorder of the nervous system, often leading to neuronal death, axonal disruption, glial scar formation, and dysregulated inflammatory responses, ultimately resulting in irreversible sensory and motor dysfunction. This review systematically elucidates the pivotal roles of exosomes derived from various cell sources in the repair of SCI.

  Exosomes as regenerative therapeutics for spinal cord injury: mechanisms and clinical prospects · 2026 · DOI

• Exosome-based delivery of polycistronic miRNA constructs and gene-engineered hybrid nanovesicles for bone tissue engineering applications have been demonstrated in vitro and in simple in vivo models, but biodistribution, tissue-specific targeting efficiency, and long-term safety profiles in clinically-relevant bone defect models remain uncharacterized.

  Engineered exosome biomedical technologies for precision diagnosis and therapy in orthopedic diseases · 2026 · DOI

• The mechanisms governing osteoblast-to-osteoclast differentiation regulation via exosomal miR-503-3p/Hpse axis and estrogen deficiency-mediated osteoimmunity in postmenopausal osteoporosis have been partially characterized; comprehensive multi-omics profiling of exosomal cargo changes across disease progression stages is lacking.

  Engineered exosome biomedical technologies for precision diagnosis and therapy in orthopedic diseases · 2026 · DOI

• Manufacturing scalability of engineered exosomes (αvβ3 integrin-specific targeting, cyclopeptide decoration, CD47 blockade) from mesenchymal stem cells for clinical translation has not been demonstrated at GMP-grade production volumes required for orthopedic disease treatment of patient cohorts.

  Engineered exosome biomedical technologies for precision diagnosis and therapy in orthopedic diseases · 2026 · DOI

• The role of immune system mechanisms in osteoarthritis progression (inflammatory mediators, matrix metalloproteinases) has been identified, but exosome-based immunomodulatory strategies targeting specific immune pathways (Th17/Treg balance, macrophage polarization) in osteoarthritis remain underdeveloped and require mechanistic investigation.

  Engineered exosome biomedical technologies for precision diagnosis and therapy in orthopedic diseases · 2026 · DOI

• Engineered exosomes with controlled release of pro-mineralization factors (BMP2 mRNA, hypoxia-specific gene delivery) have been integrated into hydrogel scaffolds for craniofacial bone healing without cell transplantation, but comparative efficacy against standard bone regeneration approaches in large-animal models and human clinical trials is absent.

  Engineered exosome biomedical technologies for precision diagnosis and therapy in orthopedic diseases · 2026 · DOI

• While circulating exosomal miRNAs (miR-21, miR-150-3p, miR-503-3p) have been identified as potential biomarkers for postmenopausal osteoporosis and osteoarthritis, their diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and clinical threshold values across diverse patient populations and disease stages have not been systematically validated in large prospective cohorts.

  Engineered exosome biomedical technologies for precision diagnosis and therapy in orthopedic diseases · 2026 · DOI

• Exosome isolation techniques (ultracentrifugation, density gradient separation, immunoaffinity capture, acoustic purification) have been compared in limited contexts; their relative efficacy and standardization for orthopedic-specific exosome populations (osteoblast-derived, osteoclast-derived exosomes) from clinical bone tissue samples remain unestablished.

  Engineered exosome biomedical technologies for precision diagnosis and therapy in orthopedic diseases · 2026 · DOI

• Few prior studies have examined the direct consequences of chronic injury on lung progenitor behaviour, representing a gap in understanding AT2 cell dysfunction in COPD.

  Organoid-guided evidence that umbilical cord MSC-derived extracellular vesicles restore alveolar repair in cigarette smoke-induced lung injury · 2026 · DOI

• Exosomes have demonstrated significant potential as drug delivery vehicles for glioma therapy, particularly because of their native biocompatibility, relatively low immuno- genicity, and emerging evidence for brain delivery capabilities [160]. In addition, their membrane and cargo can be engineered to enhance loading capacity, circulation sta- bility, and targeting performance. Despite this promise, translation remains limited by incomplete understanding of exosome biology, heterogeneous subpopulations, and practical barriers related to scalable production, consistent characterization, and pre- dictable in vivo behavior [161]. A key priority for future work is the development of rational and testable engineer- ing strategies that directly address BBB and blood brain tumor barrier constraints. Surface functionalization should be optimized to improve brain entry and glioma speci- ficity, including receptor mediated transcytosis targeting for BBB transport combined with tumor selective ligands for glioma homing. Dual targeting designs may reduce off target uptake while increasing intratumoral exposure. In addition, stimulus responsive approaches could improve local release and functional delivery, for example via pH sen- sitive or enzyme responsive mechanisms that exploit the acidic and protease rich glioma microenvironment. These designs should be evaluated with quantitative readouts that connect formulation parameters to BBB penetration, intratumoral drug levels, and bio- logical response [162]. Another major direction is improving cargo loading efficiency and selecting func- tionally relevant payloads. Current loading methods often remain inefficient for clini- cal translation, particularly for large hydrophilic agents and nucleic acid cargos, and basic incubation provides limited and variable encapsulation [161, 163]. Future plat- forms should prioritize scalable loading approaches that preserve vesicle integrity while enabling higher payloads and controlled release kinetics. Beyond single agent delivery, Rahmani et al. Discover Nano (2026) 21:87 Page 27 of 35 combination cargo concepts are likely to be increasingly important in glioma. Examples include co delivery of a cytotoxic drug with resistance modulators that address DNA repair related therapy failure, as well as payloads that reprogram immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment [164]. From a translational perspective, standardization and manufacturing readiness are essential. Progress toward clinical adoption requires GMP compatible, scalable pro- duction workflows, such as controlled bioreactor based systems, alongside harmonized characterization panels that assess purity, identity, potency, stability, and batch to batch consistency [165]. Establishing robust potency assays that reflect intended mechanisms of action is critical because performance cannot be inferred from size and marker pro- filing alone. In parallel, rigorous safety and biodistribution evaluation should be priori- tized, including immunogenicity, off target organ accumulation, procoagulant potential, and long-term toxicity, especially under repeated dosing paradigms. Finally, more predictive preclinical validation is needed to reduce the gap between early proof of concept and clinical outcomes. This includes orthotopic glioma models and patient derived systems combined with quantitative imaging and pharmacokinetic profiling to evaluate delivery efficiency and therapeutic benefit. Exosomes also remain promising as biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring, and future research should inte- grate standardized isolation and analysis pipelines to strengthen clinical interpretability [166, 167]. Overall, continued advances in exosome bioengineering, together with dis- ciplined translational development and standardized outcome measures, may substan- tially expand the role of engineered exosomes in precision glioma therapy [168–170].

  Engineered exosomes for targeted glioma therapy: overcoming the blood-brain barrier with nature-inspired nanocarriers · 2026 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Extracellular vesicles in disease

• The biology <b>,</b> function <b>,</b> and biomedical applications of exosomes · Science · 2020 · 9,622 citations
• Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · 2024 · 3,640 citations
• Clinical applications of stem cell-derived exosomes · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · 2024 · 615 citations
• Inhalable extracellular vesicle delivery of IL-12 mRNA to treat lung cancer and promote systemic immunity · Nature Nanotechnology · 2024 · 236 citations
• Cellular uptake and in vivo distribution of mesenchymal-stem-cell-derived extracellular vesicles are protein corona dependent · Nature Nanotechnology · 2024 · 172 citations
• Blueberry-derived exosomes-like nanoparticles ameliorate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by attenuating mitochondrial oxidative stress · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · 2021 · 170 citations
• Exosomes and extracellular vesicles: Rethinking the essential values in cancer biology · Seminars in Cancer Biology · 2021 · 160 citations
• Exosomes derived from 3D-cultured MSCs improve therapeutic effects in periodontitis and experimental colitis and restore the Th17 cell/Treg balance in inflamed periodontium · International Journal of Oral Science · 2021 · 159 citations
• Research status and challenges of plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · 2024 · 155 citations
• Current advances in the use of exosomes, liposomes, and bioengineered hybrid nanovesicles in cancer detection and therapy · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · 2022 · 142 citations

Most recent work

• Characterization of Rosa damascena Callus-derived Exo-some-like Vesicles and Their Multifunctional Activities in Skin-related Cellular Models · bioRxiv · 2026
• Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of serum exosomes coupled with support vector machine for diagnosis of Parkinson's disease · Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · 2026
• A nucleic acid labeling chemistry reveals surface DNA on exosomes · bioRxiv · 2026
• Extracellular Vesicle Carryover Distorts Nanoparticle Protein Corona Profiles in Human Plasma · bioRxiv · 2026
• Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and its complications: current progress and future directions · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · 2026
• Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles in the remodeling of the prostate cancer immune microenvironment and therapeutic resistance · Journal of Translational Medicine · 2026
• Surface engineering of extracellular vesicles: trends, strategies, and applications in diagnosis and therapy · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · 2026
• Therapeutic application of engineered extracellular vesicles via pulmonary delivery for inflammatory lung disorders · Discover Nano · 2026
• B7-H3 (CD276) in exosome biogenesis and the tumor microenvironment: a new therapeutic nexus · Cell Communication and Signaling · 2026
• Plant-derived extracellular vesicles as a promising therapeutic and drug delivery strategy for tumor oxidative stress and inflammation · Discover Nano · 2026

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