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Open research questions in Facial Rejuvenation and Surgery Techniques

90 gap statements mined from Facial Rejuvenation and Surgery Techniques papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 1,255 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

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What the literature leaves open

  • There is a lack of understanding about the effect of surgical correction on refractive status and corneal astigmatism in children with congenital lower eyelid entropion. The relationship between entropion severity and refractive parameters is not well established.

    Impact of congenital lower eyelid entropion correction surgery on pediatric astigmatism · 2026 · DOI

  • As insurance coverage and social acceptance rapidly expand, FGAS demand is outpacing research, leaving limited data to guide physicians in counseling patients on the relative risks and benefits of staging FGAS procedures.

    Safety Of Feminizing Facial Gender Affirming Surgery: Single Vs. Safety Of Feminizing Facial Gender Affirming Surgery: Single Vs. Multiple Stages · 2026 · DOI

  • Facial aesthetic health lacks a standardized measurement method. Existing approaches evaluate isolated elements such as wrinkles, pigmentation, symmetry, or contour.

    The Beauty Health Index (BHI): A Proposed Framework for Quantifying Facial Aesthetic Health · 2026 · DOI

  • Traditional methods of facelift have limitations, including a risk of nerve damage and limited long-term results. There is a need for a simpler, safer, and more effective method for aesthetic facial surgery.

    Double inverting continuous suture in facelift · 2026 · DOI

  • Future multi-center randomized trials with long-term follow-up are warranted to confirm these findings and explore adjunctive measures — such as intercostal cryoablation, minimally traumatic retractors, and advanced wound closure systems — to optimize both functional and cosmetic outcomes.

    Curve or crease: comparative pain and healing profiles in submammary and transaxillary thoracotomy for MICS-MVR · 2026 · DOI

  • The study used a porcine model, which may not fully replicate human tissue response. The injection technique used does not fully replicate routine clinical injection techniques. The study had a limited sample size of 10 pigs.

    Preclinical Histologic and Morphometric Comparison of Poly-L-Lactic Acid Fillers Formulated With Carboxymethyl Cellulose or Non-crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid in a Porcine Model · 2026 · DOI

  • Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of PLLA fillers with CMC and HA. Studies should investigate the effects of different carrier components on tissue response to PLLA fillers. Research should focus on optimizing injection techniques for PLLA fillers.

    Preclinical Histologic and Morphometric Comparison of Poly-L-Lactic Acid Fillers Formulated With Carboxymethyl Cellulose or Non-crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid in a Porcine Model · 2026 · DOI

  • Periorbital aging is a multifactorial process that affects all facial layers. Managing periorbital aging remains a clinical challenge due to its complex, multifactorial nature. The formation of periorbital wrinkles from repetitive contraction of the orbicularis oculi muscle significantly accentuates the aged appearance of this region.

    Association of AbobotulinumtoxinA and Skinbooster for Periorbital Wrinkles: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind, Split-Face Study · 2026 · DOI

  • The combined effects of botulinum toxin A and hyaluronic acid skinbooster for periorbital rejuvenation have not been properly evaluated. There is a need for a novel approach to managing periorbital aging.

    Association of AbobotulinumtoxinA and Skinbooster for Periorbital Wrinkles: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind, Split-Face Study · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should focus on standardizing hyaluronidase protocols according to indication, anatomical region, filler type, severity of complication, and availability of ultrasound guidance. Current evidence demonstrates variability in filler responsiveness and dose-dependent degradation, but clinical protocols remain heterogeneous.

    Hyaluronidase in Aesthetic Plastic Surgery: Clinical Uses, Safety, Ultrasound Guidance, And Current Controversies · 2026 · DOI

  • The follow-up period was limited to 12 weeks, and the long-term durability of observed improvements remains to be determined. Furthermore, the generalizability of the study findings is limited by the cohort’s specific demographic characteristics.

    Efficacy and safety of needle-free jet injection of self-crosslinking hyaluronic acid for facial fine wrinkles and skin texture: 12-week clinical outcomes in Asian women · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of consideration for the surgeon's survival, not just the flap survival. There is a need for preventive strategies to minimize fatigue, reduce occupational health risks, and maintain surgical precision throughout their careers.

    Visual and Musculoskeletal Demands of Microsurgery—Delving into the Ergonomics and Suggesting Corrective Strategies · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of a holistic model that integrates hijama and body modelling procedures.

    ІНТЕГРАЦІЯ ХІДЖАМИ ТА КОСМЕТОЛОГІЇ ТІЛА: АВТОРСЬКА МОДЕЛЬ «INNER-AND-OUTER» СКУЛЬПТУРУВАННЯ ТІЛА: КОНТУРИНГ, АНТИЦЕЛЮЛІТНЕ ТА ЛІМФОДРЕНАЖНЕ МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ · 2026 · DOI

  • Thin dermal structure and limited subcutaneous support in the periorbital and perioral regions. High mobility of the facial areas. Need for a durable and safe treatment with minimal adverse events.

    Six-Month Changes in Periorbital and Perioral Wrinkles and Facial Skin Quality following Low-Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid · 2026 · DOI

  • Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods are needed. Investigation of the effects of low-G′ hyaluronic acid on other skin concerns, such as fine lines and skin laxity. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of low-G′ hyaluronic acid with other treatment options.

    Six-Month Changes in Periorbital and Perioral Wrinkles and Facial Skin Quality following Low-Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need for a comprehensive guide to anatomical danger zones in cutaneous surgery. Current training may not provide sufficient emphasis on anatomical knowledge.

    Cut with caution in cutaneous surgery: A resident’s guide to anatomical danger zones · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need for effective and safe treatments for nasolabial fold correction. Current treatments have limitations in terms of pain management and longevity. There is a need for novel lidocaine-premixed hyaluronic acid gels for nasolabial fold correction.

    Prospective Evaluation of Cross-linked Sodium Hyaluronate Gel for Injection in Treating Moderate-to-Severe Nasolabial Folds: A Randomized Controlled Evaluator-Blind Non-inferiority Study · 2026 · DOI

  • The study is limited to a literature review and does not include original research. Standardized clinical protocols for i-PRF are still required.

    APLICAÇÕES DA FIBRINA RICA EM PLAQUETAS INJETÁVEL EM PROCEDIMENTOS ESTÉTICOS: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need for standardized clinical protocols for i-PRF. The regenerative effects of i-PRF on facial skin are not fully understood.

    APLICAÇÕES DA FIBRINA RICA EM PLAQUETAS INJETÁVEL EM PROCEDIMENTOS ESTÉTICOS: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA · 2026 · DOI

  • This case does not establish a causative agent or reproducible procedure-specific adverse reaction, but documents a distinctive rapid-onset, grid-like papular GA-like reaction after poorly characterized cosmetic interventions.

    Rapid-Onset Unilateral Papular Granuloma Annulare-like Granulomatous Reaction After a Mesotherapy-like Cosmetic Procedure · 2026 · DOI

  • Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the results, - Investigation of the long-term effects of individualized HIFU is necessary, - Comparison of different HIFU protocols…

    Individualized HIFU in women over 60: ultrasound assessment of layer-specific facial soft-tissue thickness changes · 2026 · DOI

  • Lack of individualization in HIFU treatment protocols - Limited understanding of the effects of age-related variation in facial soft tissue architecture on HIFU efficacy - Need for more effective and safe HIFU treatment protocols for women over…

    Individualized HIFU in women over 60: ultrasound assessment of layer-specific facial soft-tissue thickness changes · 2026 · DOI

  • The study lacked a sham or active-comparator group, - Formal inter-rater reliability statistics were not available for the GAIS assessment, - The study had a small sample size, - The independent contribution of the conductive high-frequency coupling cream to clinical outcomes was not…

    Facial contour modulation and skin tightening using 40.68-MHz unipolar radiofrequency · 2026 · DOI

  • Further studies with a sham or active-comparator group are needed to confirm the efficacy of the treatment, - Investigation of the long-term effects of the treatment, - Evaluation of the treatment in different populations, - Comparison of the treatment with other facial rejuvenation…

    Facial contour modulation and skin tightening using 40.68-MHz unipolar radiofrequency · 2026 · DOI

  • Documenting product identity, sterility, device parameters, injection technique, and objective follow-up in patients presenting with persistent papules after cosmetic needling or injection…

    Rapid-Onset Unilateral Papular Granuloma Annulare-like Granulomatous Reaction After a Mesotherapy-like Cosmetic Procedure · 2026 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Facial Rejuvenation and Surgery Techniques

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Open questions raised by papers listed on this page include: (1) There is a lack of understanding about the effect of surgical correction on refractive status and corneal astigmatism in children with congenital lower eyelid entropion (“Impact of congenital lower eyelid entropion correction surgery on pediatric…”, 2026); (2) There is a need for a simpler, safer, and more effective method for aesthetic facial surgery (“Double inverting continuous suture in facelift”, 2026); (3) Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of PLLA fillers with CMC and HA (“Preclinical Histologic and Morphometric Comparison of Poly-L-Lactic Acid…”, 2026); (4) There is a need for a novel approach to managing periorbital aging (“Association of AbobotulinumtoxinA and Skinbooster for Periorbital Wrinkles: A…”, 2026); (5) Future research should focus on standardizing hyaluronidase protocols according to indication, anatomical region, filler type, severity of complication, and availability of ultrasound guidance (“Hyaluronidase in Aesthetic Plastic Surgery: Clinical Uses, Safety, Ultrasound…”, 2026). 90 gap statements have been mined from Facial Rejuvenation and Surgery Techniques papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 1,255 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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