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Open research questions in Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Issues

29 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 504 Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Issues papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • The results of this research could be replicated at community level in other settlements in Awka South LGA and other LGA's in Anambra State, to create a comparison that can be used in policy planning at the State level. The most direct "intervention agenda" that this study can provide is a strategy to build on the existing positive attitudinal structure within Nibo Community, while attempting to bridge the gaps in knowledge and social mechanisms that constrain the ability of the positive attitudinal structure to inspire universal protective practice.

    Female Genital Mutilation Among Women of Reproductive Age in Nibo Community, Awka South Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria: A Mixed-Method Assessment of Knowledge, Perception and Practice · 2026 · DOI

  • While the exact number of girls and women worldwide who have undergone FGM procedure remains unknown, at least 200 million girls and women in 30 countries have been subjected to the practice.

    FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION: RECENT LITERATURE REVIEW · 2026 · DOI

  • Based on the research findings and conclusions, the researcher makes the following recommendations. a) The government, through the Ministry of Health, should formulate health guidelines and safety standards for Imbalu ceremonies to minimize risks such as infections and unsafe procedures. b) There should be collaboration between religious leaders and cultural leaders, especially the traditional surgeons, to promote safe and hygienic practices c) The Ministry of Gender, Labor, and Social Development should set aside a fund to sensitize both Christian and traditional communities about the historical, social, and religious significance of imbalu.

    The Impact of Christianity on ‘Imbalu’ Among the Bagisu of Eastern Uganda · 2026 · DOI

  • The conclusions from the systematic literature review emphasized the enormous challenge of conducting studies on CSA in Arab societies and the urgent need to advance this research while also including children and adult survivors, whose perceptions and experiences are currently understudied.

    Child Sexual Abuse Studies in Arab Societies: A Systematic Review and Directions for Future Research · 2022 · DOI

  • The aim is to contribute to the under-researched area of men’s attitudes towards and experiences of FGM, using frameworks on engaging men, feminist theories on men and masculinity, and intersectionality.

    Involving Men: The Multiple Meanings of Female Genital Mutilation in a Minority Migrant Context · 2020 · DOI

  • The movement of people from and to countries and regions with different Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) prevalence and practices and the implications for the elimination of FGM are under researched.

    The Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) – migration matrix: The case of the Arab League Region · 2020 · DOI

  • Despite international commitments to end female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), very little is known about the effectiveness of national policies in contributing to the abandonment of this harmful practice.

    Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Mali and Mauritania: Understanding Trends and Evaluating Policies · 2020 · DOI

  • In African populations practicing female genital cutting (FGC), beliefs exist that these procedures enhance reproduction and that their medicalization may diminish adverse effects, yet available findings are mixed in part for methodological reasons.

    Female Genital Cutting and Reproductive Experience in Minya, Egypt · 2006 · DOI

  • However very little is known about the psychosexual effect of FGM on Sudanese women (Abdel Magied and Musa 2002) and there is hardly any literature on Sudanese men.

    Psycho-sexual effect of female genital mutilation on Sudanese men. · 2004

  • No direct incentives were provided for participation, supporting the authenticity of responses and suggesting the model could be replicated without financial inducements.

    Targeting a future generation free from female genital mutilation: A mixed-methods quasi-experimental study of an awareness intervention in central Tanzania · 2026 · DOI

  • Method: In academia, research papers discuss the medical aspects of gender affirmation surgery but the experiences of the individuals undergoing this surgery remain under-researched and under-documented, which was the main reason to apply a constructivist grounded theory approach.

    Experiences of trans women who have undergone gender affirmation surgery: a constructivist grounded theory · 2025 · DOI

  • While existing studies on conflicts in Kenya have focused on inter-group violence, such as class, political and ethnic conflicts, few studies have examined how cultural practices constitute violence, and few have offered recommendations on how to deal with cultural conflicts and violence.

    THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION AND ADVOCACY IN RESOLVING CULTURE-BASED CONFLICT: LESSONS FROM EFFORTS TO COMBAT FGM PRACTICES IN KENYA · 2024 · DOI

  • Although the precise origins of this practice remain elusive, its proponents have elevated its normative status, venerating it as an ancient and sacred tradition.

    Piety, Purity, and Pain: The Head Shaving Ritual for Women in Ultra-Orthodox Communities and Its Underlying Concept of Halachah · 2024 · DOI

  • Detailed guidelines for the protection of both patients and physicians are needed because the recommendations on FGCPs are insufficient to define the boundaries of medical justification, genital mutilation, advertising, and ethical concerns.

    Clinical and ethical perspectives of medical professionals towards female genital cosmetic procedures · 2021 · DOI

  • Diaspora community-driven studies exploring FGM and contested notions in addressing it from women perspectives are scarce.

    Challenges in combatting female genital mutilation: narratives of black Sub-Saharan African (BSSA) women in the English west Midlands region · 2021 · DOI

  • Participants acknowledged the risks of circumcision and rationalized them, indicating they were in favor of the procedure and would circumcise their own sons despite limited knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks.

    Emerging Adults’ Perceptions of Male Circumcision in the United States: Facts, Fictions, and Future Plans · 2020 · DOI

  • Despite the reality that genitals, especially the vagina, vary widely in appearance (size, shape, colour), the belief that there are norms of genital appearance that need to be adhered to for females and males continues to be propagated within Western culture.

    Genital Culture: Exploring the Cultural Importance of Genital Surgery in the West · 2014 · DOI

  • All of these arguments were put forth already in antiquity, perhaps as early as Paul (although the evidence for this is sparse) and continued to be sounded from time to time among Christians in their disputations with Jews.

    Why Aren't Jewish Women Circumcised?: Gender and Covenant in Judaism (review) · 2007 · DOI

  • Much remains to be done, however, to ensure adequate care in Europe: (1) medico-legal/ethical discussions; (2) development of protocols to assist in making informed decisions; and (3) development of guidelines on counselling, communication strategies, and referral procedures.

    Health Care in Europe for Women with Genital Mutilation · 2006 · DOI

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29 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 504 Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Issues papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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