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Open research questions in IoT and GPS-based Vehicle Safety Systems

32 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 250 IoT and GPS-based Vehicle Safety Systems papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • The study presents the design and implementation of a CGS intended to enhance child safety through real-time monitoring and communication between parents and children. The proposed solution employs a mobile-based architecture that incorporates GPS and Wi-Fi positioning, RESTful communication, and Firebase cloud services to provide continuous location monitoring and reliable data synchronization. The proposed system employs a smartphone-based architecture integrated with cloud services to support real-time monitoring and communication functionalities. The proposed CGS incorporates several safety-oriented features, including real-time location monitoring, geofencing alerts, emergency notifications, location history access, and built-in parent–child communication. The performance evaluation verified that the system meets real-time monitoring constraints with low latency and highly accurate outdoor tracking, proving viable for practical family deployment. In addition, usability testing confirmed that the mobile interface is intuitive and easy to use for both parents and children, facilitating efficient interaction even in emergencies. Furthermore, the results prove that the proposed CGS provides an integrated mobile solution for child monitoring and communication. The integration of several monitoring and communication functionalities under a singular mobile platform illustrates the feasibility of smartphone-based child protection systems and contributes to the development of cost-effective digital safety solutions for modern families. Despite the promising performance of the proposed CGS, several enhancements can be explored in future work. Artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques may be integrated to detect abnormal movement patterns and predict potential safety risks. Voice-based emergency alerts and interaction features could further improve system usability and accessibility. In addition, future studies will investigate large-scale deployment scenarios to evaluate system scalability, cloud resource utilization, and performance under high user loads. Other potential enhancements include offline operation support, multi-child monitoring optimization, and advanced parental analytics to further improve the effectiveness and practicality of the system. REFERENCES M. J. Alam, T. Chowdhury, S. Hossain, S. Chowdhury and T. Das. “Child tracking and hidden activities observation system through mobile app”. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1659-1666, 2021. (CTS). M. I. Jaya, G. X. Tong, M. F. A. Razak, A. Zabidi and S. I. Hisham.

    Child Guard System: A Cross-Platform Mobile Child Monitoring System Using Global Positioning System Tracking, Geofencing, and Firebase Cloud Messaging · 2026 · DOI

  • NEED FOR THE SYSTEM The need for an automated GSM-based result broadcasting system arises from multiple practical and in technological existing result dissemination methods. 1.2.1 Increasing Student Population Educational institutions are expanding rapidly. With thousands of students appearing for examinations, manual result processing and distribution become time-consuming and inefficient. There is a need for a scalable system capable of handling large datasets without delays.

    GRADE BUZZ: AUTOMATED EMBEDDED RESULT BROADCASTING SYSTEM VIA GSM FOR INSTANT STUDENT MARKS DELIVERY · 2026 · DOI

  • This work demonstrates the feasibility of a low-cost, hands-free SOS pro- totype that integrates keyword-triggered alerting, GPS-based location detec- tion, and GSM communication into a compact and efficient system. Experi- mental evaluation using a host-based Python recognizer confirmed that the end-to-end workflow, including keyword detection, cancellable alert prompt- ing, location acquisition, and alert transmission, operates effectively under controlled conditions. The observed limitations primarily stem from the con- straints of an early-stage prototype rather than fundamental design issues. Overall, the system establishes that simple hardware combined with local decision-making logic can deliver timely and actionable emergency alerts, while also providing baseline performance benchmarks IJSAT260211306 Volume 17, Issue 2, April-June 2026 9 International Journal on Science and Technology (IJSAT) E-ISSN: 2229-7677 ● Website: www.ijsat.org ● Email: [email protected] for future develop- ment [7, 8]. To transition from a proof-of-concept prototype to a field-ready wearable device, several enhancements are proposed. These include porting the key- word recognition module to an embedded runtime or TinyML-based imple- mentation [9], integrating automated and synchronized logging mechanisms for reproducible performance evaluation, and redesigning the device form fac- tor (e.g., wearable watch) to improve usability, microphone placement, and haptic feedback. Further improvements involve enhancing acoustic robustness to handle noisy environments, adopting hybrid positioning techniques to reduce GPS dependency and improve location accuracy, and strengthening communica- tion reliability through retry mechanisms and secure data transmission pro- tocols [10]. Additionally, extensive field trials and large-scale user studies, combined with privacy- focused data handling practices, will be essential to evaluate real-world performance, minimize false activations, and ensure user acceptance before large-scale deployment.

    Voice-Automated Emergency Response System · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper developed a Rule-Based Smart Tourist Safety and Emergency Response System as a way of ensuring tourist safety through monitoring and intelligent risk assessment. The proposed system is composed of various functionalities such as GPS tracking, geofencing, risk assessment, and real-time alerting and emergency communications that help to ensure tourist safety proactively. Various factors are considered during the process of risk evaluation, which includes user location, user behavior, time-based, and incident-based conditions in the area of operation to be able to identify risks. The experiments conducted showed that there was a great accuracy of risk detection with low response delay, thus making it ideal for application in mobile scenarios for smart tourism applications. Future work will consider making the system intelligent using better ways of assessing risks as well as incorporating information from other sensors found in smart wearables and IoT gadgets.

    Smart Tourist Safety and Emergency Response System Using Rule-Based Risk Detection · 2026 · DOI

  • REFERENCES 1. Struggles in Bad Weather: It can be blinded by environmental factors like heavy rain or thick fog can prevent the system from capturing a clear enough image to recognize the sign. 2. Limited to Its Training Data: If the camera captures a heavily vandalized sign or a brand-new type of street sign that was not included in its original training pictures, the system will not be able to identify it. XI. FUTURE WORK 1. In the future, the system can be expanded using more advanced deep learning models and using infrared (IR) or low light camera to operate in low-light or foggy conditions, rainy extremely weather and dark night vision 2. The machine learning model could be trained on a specialized dataset of blurry or rain-covered or snowcovered signs so it can still alert drivers in poor weather conditions. 3. Right now, it likely speaks in standard English language. A highly useful future enhancement would be adding a language-selection feature. By adding more regional languages like Hindi or Marathi, makes the technology accessible to a much wider range of local drivers. 4. Future versions of this project could include a companion smartphone app connected via Bluetooth. While the main system runs offline to avoid lag, it could silently send a log of all detected signs to the driver's phone. H.-Y. Lin, C.-C. Chang, and S.-C. Huang, "Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition for Driving Assistance System," Advances in Image and Video Processing, vol. 6, no. 3, Jun. 2018. M. Manawadu and U.

    Traffic Sign Recognition System with Voice Alerts Using IoT Technology · 2026 · DOI

  • In the future, the system can be expanded using more advanced deep learning models and using infrared (IR) or low light camera to operate in low-light or foggy conditions, rainy extremely weather and dark night vision 2. The machine learning model could be trained on a specialized dataset of blurry or rain-covered or snowcovered signs so it can still alert drivers in poor weather conditions. 3. Right now, it likely speaks in standard English language. A highly useful future enhancement would be adding a language-selection feature. By adding more regional languages like Hindi or Marathi, makes the technology accessible to a much wider range of local drivers. 4. Future versions of this project could include a companion smartphone app connected via Bluetooth. While the main system runs offline to avoid lag, it could silently send a log of all detected signs to the driver's phone. H.-Y. Lin, C.-C. Chang, and S.-C. Huang, "Traffic Sign Detection and Recognition for Driving Assistance System," Advances in Image and Video Processing, vol. 6, no. 3, Jun. 2018. M. Manawadu and U.

    Traffic Sign Recognition System with Voice Alerts Using IoT Technology · 2026 · DOI

  • Smart Transportation system is one the best example, if we use AI and IoT in city transportation. I used different technologies for its operation, such as: React.js for front-end, Spring Boot and MySQL for back-end, and we used IoT devices. And, by using the Smart Transportation system, we are capable of managing traffic flow and increase the security. Based on my findings I am confident that smart traffic system can improve the traffic flow and for fast response in emergency situations it can be very useful and efficient in routing the vehicles. The use of smart traffic systems can contribute to the betterment of the environment. Wasting less fuel, traffic jams are avoided as the routes can be determined. K. Data Accuracy: A. Key Contributions The system was very accurate in traffic prediction, route finding, analysis and vehicles tracking using the AI Module. Data Accuracy was very high. M. Enhanced Urban Mobility: The Smart Transportation system provides ease to people in their day-to-day mobility in city, by suggesting them how to reach and when to reach. It also provides traffic and updated information regarding transport. It also provides the navigation system. The © Author(s). This work is peer-reviewed, openly published, and permanently archived This article is openly accessible and reusable with proper attribution. https://ijsmt.org/, Email: [email protected] 8 International Journal of Science, Strategic Management and Technology Volume 02 Issue 05 May-2026 | ISSN: 3108-1762 (Online) | Impact Factor: 3.8 An International, Peer-Reviewed, Open Access Scholarly Journal Indexed in recognized academic databases Smart Transportation system can help to enhance the urban mobility. likely to be a serious barrier in developing areas or rural places. traffic analysis and real based N.

    Smart Transportation Systems using AI and IOT · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper introduced a solution called Sahay, which is a full-fledged women safety application combining live tracking, visualized heat map of crime zones, artificial intelligence (AI)based assistance, and the emergency response. The application has developed all the intended functionality using three agile sprints, and results of these sprints were 100 percent functionality success, and successful user acceptance testing. Some of its contributions are integrated safety platform, which brings together many safety features as a single available web application, use of Dijkstra algorithm with crime weighting to navigate safe routes, use of large language models via Gemini API to provide intelligent safety assistance, license plate verification system to mitigate risks in case of unregistered vehicles, and simulation of discreet fake phone calls to escape in a situation. The fact that the application can be aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 5 and 11 indicates that technology can be used socially because it allows women to move freely and helps create safer cities. Table 5 shows suggested future improvements prioritized and implementation of improvements considered.

    A Comprehensive Web-Based Women Safety Application with Real-Time Tracking and AI-Powered Risk Assessment · 2026 · DOI

  • The real-time baby movement monitoring and alerting system is fabricated but lacks field testing data from actual deployments with multiple infants across different age groups, sleep patterns, or clinical validation against false alarm rates in a home environment.

    Smart Baby Cradle Monitoring System · 2026 · DOI

  • The ESP32 microcontroller with Wi-Fi/Bluetooth/BLE capabilities is selected for wide-range applications, but the paper does not evaluate power consumption profiles, battery life under continuous sensor polling and wireless transmission, or energy optimization strategies for a portable cradle system.

    Smart Baby Cradle Monitoring System · 2026 · DOI

  • The servo motor actuation with 1.8 kgf/cm stall torque for cradle rocking control is specified, but the paper does not provide data on mechanical robustness testing, fatigue limits with repeated oscillation cycles, or safety thresholds to prevent infant injury during automated rocking.

    Smart Baby Cradle Monitoring System · 2026 · DOI

  • The LDR (LM393) presence/absence detection mechanism is described but lacks details on ambient light sensitivity ranges, false positive/negative rates in varying lighting conditions, and differentiation between deliberate obstruction versus actual infant presence in the cradle.

    Smart Baby Cradle Monitoring System · 2026 · DOI

  • The moisture sensor with dual probes measures water content presence, but there is no specification of the sensor's calibration methodology, minimum detectable moisture thresholds, or performance degradation over extended operational periods relevant to continuous cradle monitoring.

    Smart Baby Cradle Monitoring System · 2026 · DOI

  • The MQ42 gas sensor is implemented to detect hazardous gases based on concentration and potential difference, but the paper lacks validation data on sensor response time, accuracy under varying temperature/humidity conditions, and cross-sensitivity to multiple gas types in a real cradle environment.

    Smart Baby Cradle Monitoring System · 2026 · DOI

  • The smart baby cradle monitoring system currently uses a SIM 900A module for GSM communication via TDMA, but the paper does not specify testing across different network conditions (varying signal strength, latency, or coverage areas) or compare performance with alternative wireless protocols like LTE or NB-IoT for remote monitoring scenarios.

    Smart Baby Cradle Monitoring System · 2026 · DOI

  • The Smart Vehicle Black Box using IoT with Camera can be further enhanced by integrating advanced technologies to improve its performance and reliability. Future developments may include the incorporation of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms for predictive accident detection, driver behavior analysis, and real-time decision-making. Additionally, advanced computer vision techniques can be implemented to detect driver fatigue, distraction, and road hazards more accurately. The system can also be improved by adopting 5G communication for faster and more reliable data transmission, along with enhanced cloud security mechanisms to protect sensitive data. Integration with vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication systems can enable better coordination and accident prevention in smart cities. Furthermore, expanding storage capabilities, improving energy efficiency, and developing a compact, low-cost design will make the system more practical for widespread adoption in future intelligent transportation systems. © 2026 The Author(s). Published by IJCOPE Journal.

    The Smart Vehicle Black Box Using IOT with Camera · 2026 · DOI

  • No comparison with existing canteen payment systems (cash-based, other digital methods, or competing RFID solutions) is provided to benchmark the proposed system's advantages.

    An IoT-Integrated RFID System for Smart Canteen Payment Management · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper lacks discussion of data privacy compliance with regulations such as GDPR or local data protection laws regarding storage of user transaction history and contact details.

    An IoT-Integrated RFID System for Smart Canteen Payment Management · 2026 · DOI

  • No discussion of RFID card cloning, skimming, or other security threats specific to contactless payment systems is provided, limiting understanding of potential vulnerabilities.

    An IoT-Integrated RFID System for Smart Canteen Payment Management · 2026 · DOI

  • The system does not use PIN-based authentication for ownership validation, relying instead solely on backend database verification, which may present security vulnerabilities compared to multi-factor authentication approaches.

    An IoT-Integrated RFID System for Smart Canteen Payment Management · 2026 · DOI

  • Digital twin applications have gained increasing attention in rail systems; however, existing studies predominantly focus on signaling, rolling stock, or predictive maintenance, while station scale implementations integrating spatial models with real time sensor data remain limited.

    A Digital Twin Applications in Rail Systems: A Real-Time Monitoring Framework Based on BIM–GIS–IoT Integration · 2026 · DOI

  • The system's applicability to multiple canteens, cross-institutional payment integration, or extension to other institutional services beyond canteen payments is not explored.

    An IoT-Integrated RFID System for Smart Canteen Payment Management · 2026 · DOI

  • Network connectivity failures and offline transaction handling mechanisms are not discussed, leaving unclear how the system manages cloud database unavailability.

    An IoT-Integrated RFID System for Smart Canteen Payment Management · 2026 · DOI

  • The system was tested only under real-time canteen usage conditions in institutional environments; scalability and performance evaluation across multiple institutions or larger transaction volumes is not addressed.

    An IoT-Integrated RFID System for Smart Canteen Payment Management · 2026 · DOI

  • Billing is performed manually by canteen staff using a scanner or billing interface, which introduces potential for human error and operational bottlenecks despite the automated payment processing.

    An IoT-Integrated RFID System for Smart Canteen Payment Management · 2026 · DOI

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32 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 250 IoT and GPS-based Vehicle Safety Systems papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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