Open research questions in Ovarian function and disorders

What the literature leaves open

• This study underscores the importance of addressing body fat distribution in understanding the metabolic complexities of PMOS in Kashmiri women. However, several avenues for future research remain unexplored. 2026 Yousuf et al. Cureus 18(7): e113105. DOI 10.7759/cureus.113105 18 of 20 Longitudinal studies are needed to establish causal relationships between changes in body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity, and metabolic parameters over time in this population. Such studies could provide deeper insights into the progression of metabolic complications in PMOS and the impact of interventions. Moreover, interventional studies focusing on lifestyle modifications, including dietary changes, physical activity, and emerging therapies such as pharmacological agents, should be conducted to assess their effectiveness in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing metabolic risks. Incorporating advanced imaging techniques to assess body fat distribution more precisely and using biomarkers to predict metabolic risks could enhance the accuracy of diagnosis and treatment in the future.

  DEXA-Derived Body Fat Distribution and Its Correlation With Clinical, Anthropometric, Insulin Sensitivity, Metabolic, and Hormonal Parameters Among Kashmiri Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) Women: A Cross-Sectional Study · 2026 · DOI

• Limited research has explored the association between GATA binding factor 1 (GATA1) and adverse pregnancy outcomes, yet its role in PCOS is still elusive.

  GATA1 silencing restrains granulosa cell ferroptosis through downregulation of TFRC in polycystic ovary syndrome · 2026 · DOI

• the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril (2018) 110: 364–79. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.004 international evidence-based guideline from the for 4. Zeng X, Xie YJ, Liu YT, Long SL, Mo ZC. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: correlation between hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and obesity. Clin Chim Acta 502: 214–221. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2019.11.003 5. Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven J, Dokras A, Moran LJ, Piltonen TT, et al. Recommendations from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril (2023) 120:767–93. doi:10. 1093/ejendo/lvad096 6. Zhang H, Butoyi C, Yuan G, Jia J. Exploring the role of gut microbiota in obesity and PCOS: current updates and future prospects. Diabetes Res Clin Pract (2023) 202:110781. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110781 7. Yang L, Liu T, Liao Y, Ren Y, Zheng Z, Zhang M, et al. Potential therapeutic application and mechanism of gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles in polycystic ovary syndrome. Biomed Pharmacother (2024) 180:117504. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024. 117504 8. Zhao M, Chen D, Hu X, Xie C, Xu L, Zhou F. Gut-ovary axis in polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanistic insights and gut microbiota-targeted therapeutic strategies. Front Endocrinol (2025) 16:1684492. doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1684492 9. Sun J, Wang M, Kan Z. Causal relationship between gut microbiota and polycystic ovary syndrome: a literature review and mendelian randomization study. Front Endocrinol (2024) 15:1280983. doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1280983 10. de Vos WM, Tilg H, Van Hul M, Cani PD. Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights. Gut (2022) 71:1020–32. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2021-326789 11. Zhang M, Hu R, Huang Y, Zhou F, Li F, Liu Z, et al. Present and future: crosstalks between polycystic ovary syndrome and gut metabolites relating to gut Microbiota. Front Endocrinol (2022) 13:933110. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.933110 12. Li J, Qiao J, Li Y, Qin G, Xu Y, Lao K, et al. Metabolic disorders in polycystic ovary syndrome: from gut microbiota biodiversity to clinical intervention. Front Endocrinol (2025) 16:1526468. doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1526468 13. Qi X, Yun C, Pang Y, Qiao J. The impact of the gut microbiota on the reproductive and metabolic endocrine system. Gut Microbes (2021) 13:1–21. doi:10.1080/19490976. 2021.1894070 14. Stańczak NA, Grywalska E, Dudzińska E. The latest reports and treatment methods on polycystic ovary syndrome. Ann Med (2024) 56:2357737. doi:10.1080/07853890. 2024.2357737 15. Hou K, Wu Z-X, Chen X-Y, Wang J-Q, Zhang D, Xiao C, et al. Microbiota in health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther (2022) 7:135. doi:10.1038/s41392-022- 00974-4 16. Van Hul M, Cani PD, Petitfils C, De Vos WM, Tilg H, El-Omar EM. What defines a healthy gut microbiome?

  Gut microbiota and polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome: an integrated gut–metabolism–endocrine–ovary axis · 2026 · DOI

• In summary, accumulating evidence indicates that gut microbiota and PMOS are linked through complex and tightly interconnected interactions, with gut microbial dysbiosis emerging as a critical regulatory node bridging metabolic abnormalities, endocrine dysfunction, and ovarian impairment. During the onset and progression of PMOS, alterations in gut microbiota may contribute to the development of core phenotypes, including insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and obesity, by modulating insulin sensitivity, chronic low-grade inflammation, and androgen homeostasis. An increasing body of evidence further suggests that microbiotaderived metabolites act as key mediators in gut microbiota-host the regulation of metabolic pathways, interactions. Through these immune responses, and endocrine signaling networks, the pathophysiological changes metabolites collectively drive associated with PMOS. Microbiota-targeted interventions have shown promising potential in improving metabolic and endocrine outcomes; however, their underlying mechanisms, causal relevance, and clinical benefits remain to be fully elucidated. This narrative review was performed using a systematic and transparent literature search strategy with well-defined database sources, search terms, time frame, and rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, which greatly improved the methodological reliability and quality of evidence synthesis. Future research should therefore prioritize well-designed studies with clearly defined disease phenotypes, integrating longitudinal follow-up, causal inference approaches, and multi-omics analyses to systematically delineate the key regulatory pathways through which gut microbiota and their the metabolites contribute gut–metabolism–endocrine–ovary axis to advance, precision intervention strategies based on individual gut microbiota characteristics may offer new theoretical foundations and therapeutic directions for the long-term management of PMOS and the improvement of overall patient health outcomes. to PMOS.

  Gut microbiota and polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome: an integrated gut–metabolism–endocrine–ovary axis · 2026 · DOI

• Downstream analyses identified LILRB1 as an exploratory candidate protein linked to N-acetyl-L-glutamine levels that warrants further investigation, and cianidanol as a computational lead requiring functional validation.

  Integrative serum metabolite prioritization and functional screening identify N-acetyl-L-glutamine as a protective candidate in premature ovarian insufficiency · 2026 · DOI

• However, whether circulating metabolic alterations contribute causally to POI development or primarily arise as secondary consequences of ovarian failure remains unclear.

  Integrative serum metabolite prioritization and functional screening identify N-acetyl-L-glutamine as a protective candidate in premature ovarian insufficiency · 2026 · DOI

• Personalized and Targeted Therapy Developments in PCOS genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic profiling are opening the door to more individualized treatment strategies. Mucoadhesive gels made from marine sources could be personalized to an individual‘s specific inflammatory, metabolic, or hormonal www.wjpr.net │ Vol 15, Issue 13, 2026. │ ISO 9001: 2015 Certified Journal │ 546 Anbu et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research profile. Personalized formulations might improve both patient outcomes and therapeutic precision via site-specific delivery (eg, nasal for systemic hormone regulation or intravaginal for ovarian modulation).

  FROM OCEAN TO OVARY: MARINE BIOACTIVE-BASED MUCOADHESIVE IN-SITU GEL AS A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY FOR PCOS · 2026 · DOI

• The lack of variation in NLR across age groups in this cohort may indicate that low-grade inflammation in PCOS persists across the reproductive years; however, this interpretation is limited by the retrospective design and the small sample size of the oldest age group.

  Age-Related Evaluation of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Retrospective Study · 2026 · DOI

• The challenge in the literature lies in the inconsistent evidence about whether PCOS, independently of confounding comorbidities such as obesity and diabetes, contributes to poor neurodevelopmental trajectories.

  Maternal polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm neonates · 2026 · DOI

• on OHSS current [18],[19]. Second, A4 prevention measurement technically is straightforward, inexpensive, and available immunoassay on platforms that already perform AMH and androgen panels in PCOS workup; routine inclusion in pre-stimulation assessment is feasible without infrastructure expansion. Third, the integrative G-index proposed by Lazzaroni-Tealdi and colleagues (G = AMH × AFC / A4) [20]-[21] should be tested prospectively in normal-BMI PCOS, since the present data suggest that the relative weights may need recalibration when the cohort is restricted by BMI. The present study contributes regional Iraqi data where indexed evidence is essentially absent, and applies a pre-specified analysis plan to a contemporary 24-month cohort. The restriction to normal-BMI PCOS, the use of a uniform GnRH-antagonist protocol, the standardized hormonal assays on a single automated platform, and the both multivariable correlation are methodological strengths. Concordance of the findings with the broader international literature supports external validity. adjustment with and ROC analyses 205 The Medical Journal of Tikrit University (2026) 32 (1): 200-209 CONCLUSION and androstenedione In normal-BMI women with PCOS undergoing first-cycle GnRH-antagonist controlled ovarian stimulation at a tertiary center in Thi-Qar, southern Iraq, basal serum independently predicted ovarian response, with positive correlations with the follicular output rate and oocyte yield. For prediction of excessive response (≥ 20 oocytes), basal A4 outperformed AMH alone (AUC 0.84 versus 0.73) significant incremental discrimination to a combined model with AMH and AFC (AUC 0.89). The 4.0 ng/mL Youden cut-off identified high responders with sensitivity and specificity near 75–78%. These findings support inclusion of basal A4 in pre- stimulation risk stratification for normal- BMI PCOS and provide regional Iraqi data where indexed evidence has been lacking.

  Serum Androstenedione Predicts Ovarian Response in Normal-BMI PCOS in Thi-Qar Province · 2026 · DOI

• Little is known about beat-to-beat BPV in AE-PCOS, but prior studies suggest blunted baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), a major contributor to beat-to-beat BP regulation.

  Combined androgen excess polycystic ovary syndrome and obesity are associated with elevated beat-to-beat blood pressure variability in adult women · 2026 · DOI

• However, given the observational nature of the included studies and the predefined assumptions of TSA, further research on diverse ethnic groups, including functional and longitudinal studies, is needed to confirm this link more conclusively.

  Genetic exploration of the impact of CYP11A1 polymorphisms on the development of PCOS: evidence from a meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis · 2026 · DOI

• This study’s focus on the relationship between stress and PCOS, a little-known component of PCOS in college students in the subcontinent, is one of its strong points. A methodical approach is offered by using a structured questionnaire to collect data. More diagnostic rigor is added than just reporting symptoms when PCOS cases are clinically identified using the modified Rotterdam criteria. One drawback, though, is that stress and symptoms are self-reported, which makes them vulnerable to recall bias. Although PCOS instances with a clinical diagnosis were identified in the study, further information about the precise criteria each of the 16% of PCOS cases that were identified met will improve clarity. The recruiting strategy may overestimate the prevalence of reported symptoms in comparison to the overall student population due to a self-selection bias that may be introduced by the method’s convenience-focused approach. The fact that the “stress” measure was based on a straightforward self- reported question rather than a psychologically validated tool is a major drawback for a thorough assessment of stress levels. The lack of a validated psychological tool for stress assessment and the reliance on self-reported symptoms without hormonal/ultrasound confirmation in all participants may limit diagnostic precision. CONCLUSION importance of early The study highlights a concerning prevalence of PCOS- related symptoms among college-aged women, underscoring identification and awareness the initiatives within academic institutions. The findings emphasized the crucial role of education and awareness programs to PCOS symptoms, risk factors, and the importance of seeking timely medical consultation. improving knowledge related in While the study did not comprehensively assess treatment protocols, it underscores the need for structured health education, early screening, and referral-based clinical support systems to facilitate better management of PCOS among young women. Empowering adolescent girls and young women with accurate knowledge and awareness is Indian Journal of Medical Sciences • Article in Press | 6 essential for improving reproductive health outcomes and strengthening public health strategies in India. Ethical approval: The research/study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Seven Hills College of Pharmacy, number 021/DPP-BPh/2024, dated May 02, 2024. Declaration of patient consent: The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate participants consent forms. In the form, the participants have given their consent for their clinical information to be reported in the journal. The participants understand that their names and initials will not be published and due efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed. Financial support and sponsorship: Nil. Conflicts of interest: There are no conflicts of interest.

  Exploring polycystic ovarian syndrome prevalence and lifestyle stressors among young women: Insights from a university-based study · 2026 · DOI

• This study has some limitations, along with its strengths. It involves a cross-sectional design, avoiding informal conclusions using convenience sampling from a single private healthcare institution, limiting generalizability. It does not include the assessment of biochemical markers, androgen levels, and lipid levels. DECLARATION Ethical consideration: This study strictly adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national and institutional ethical guidelines. Informed consent was obtained. All procedures performed in this study were consistent with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was conducted according to ethical standards for research involving human participants. Ethical considerations and approval were obtained from the Institutional Review Boards of hospitals. A written consent form was collected from all patients with assurance of confidentiality as well as privacy of their data.

  Collaborative Care in PCOS: Evaluating the Role of Radiologist and Gynecologist in Diagnosis and Management of PCOS · 2026 · DOI

• This study has several notable strengths. First, it is among the few to comprehensively assess multiple atherogenic and insulin resistance indices—including AIP, TyG, TyG-BMI, TG-HDL, and METS-IR—in relation to infertility specifically within a PCOS population, rather than the general population. Given the metabolic vulnerability of women with PCOS, this targeted approach enhances the clinical relevance of our findings. Second, the use of a relatively large and well-defined sample (n = 669) from a tertiary care center adds strength and improves the precision of our estimates. Moreover, we assessed predictive performance using ROC curve analysis, offering insight into the clinical utility of these indices. However, our study also has limitations. Its cross-sectional design precludes causal inference between metabolic indices and infertility. Although infertility status was clinically documented, a detailed etiologic workup was not uniformly PLOS One | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0343783 May 22, 2026 9 / 13 Table 3. Findings of studies for the association between different atherogenic and insulin resistance indices and female infertility.

  Association between different atherogenic and insulin resistance indices and infertility in polycystic ovary syndrome patients · 2026 · DOI

• Some limitations of this analysis should be acknowledged. First, IVF/ICSI outcomes may correlate with participants’ age and the duration of infertility; accordingly, younger women with a shorter duration of infertility tend to achieve better reproductive outcomes. However, none of the included RCTs explored the differential effects of acupuncture co-treatment.

  Clinical efficacy of acupuncture for women with PCOS undergoing IVF/ICSI: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials · 2026 · DOI

• Operator-dependent; may not detect small or deep lesions Requires fluid instillation, may cause discomfort Radiation exposure; potential for allergic reaction to contrast dye Invasive; requires general anesthesia Cost-intensive, limited availability Invasive, risk of uterine perforation Fig. 4 Example of ultrasound image for male (google courtesy) a standard evaluation. Ultrasound of the scrotum can reveal anomalies in the testes and surrounding tissues, as well as any alterations caused by a blocked distal genital duct. The typical adult testes are oval shaped, uniform, low-level echogenic constructions that are around 3 cm in area (AP) × 2–4 cm in transverse diameter (TR) × 3–5 cm in length and have a size of 12.5–19 cc (Fig. 4). A small, echogenic fibrous ring encircles a testicle; this band stands in for the visceral tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea. The tunica is often only visible as an echogenic structure at its hilum when there is no intrascrotal fluid. At this point, it invaginates into the testis to produce the mediastinum testis, which has a network of tubules termed “rete testis” that are used for sperm transport. Figure 4 presents a representative scrotal ultrasound image demonstrating normal testicular morphology. Such imaging is essential for identifying structural abnormalities associated with male infertility. including varicocele or obstruction. 5.2.2 Mammography using magnetic resonance imaging An alternative to conventional invasive vasography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is preferable to transrectal Ultrasound (US) for assessing the distal genital tract [78, 79]. The details of the reproductive system, like the seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, and prostate, can be shown more clearly with MR imaging because it can take pictures Sarath and Brindha Discover Public Health (2026) 23:757 Page 17 of 29 from different angles and has excellent contrast for soft tissues. Because MRI can create high-quality images from different angles, it has mostly replaced vasography as the best method for examining the distal genital canal and male infertility. 5.2.3 Computerised tomography Infertility evaluations with Computed Tomography (CT) are unusual due to the imaging modality’s poor soft tissue resolution. On the other hand, CT is helpful for assessing stones and calcifications that are blocking the reproductive tract. 5.2.4 Vascular scan Duct filling, free spill and retrograde contrast injection into the bladder to establish patency are all part of this operation, which can be performed blindly or with ultrasound guidance. Ultrasound, Transvaginal Ultrasound (TRAS), MRI and other less offensive methods have largely supplanted it as the gold standard for assessing the male reproductive system. 5.2.5 Barriers to conception Any part of the ductal system, the vas deferens, epididymis, ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles, or urethra, is susceptible to obstruction. Using sonography, the source and degree of blockage can be more precisely determined. Epididymal blockage can be repaired with microsurgery, such as vaso-epididymostomy and vaso-vasostomy, which have a reported success rate of 20–40% in preventing post-procedure pregnancy. This knowledge is useful for surgical treatment planning. Sonographically guided procedures for distal tract blockages include procedures like prostatic cyst aspiration and TRUS directed transurethral ejaculatory duct (TRU-ED). Table 4 presents the comparative comparison of male imaging techniques. 5.3 Critical comparison of imaging approaches Although Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) offers better soft tissue characterization and better visualization of complex anatomical abnormalities, ultrasound is still the go to imaging modality for infertility evaluation because of its low cost, widespread availability and real time assessment capability. But MRI isn’t always affordable or available and ultrasound relies heavily on the skill of the operator, which could compromise the reliability of the results. Despite progress in technology, there is still a lack of clearly defined standards for choosing imaging modalities in various infertility cases.

  Precision reproductive medicine for infertility care by bridging diagnostic and management gaps through a public health perspective · 2026 · DOI

• This study was not powered for comparison of clinical pregnancy and live birth rates, which are the most meaningful clinical outcomes. With a larger sample size, the overall ovarian response recorded from the study would also be less variable so more representative results could be obtained. Patients’ experiences and satisfaction with the CFA flare protocol were not studied in this trial. Only patients who were in POSEIDON groups 3 and 4 were involved in this study. POSEIDON groups 1a, 1b, 2a and 2b represent different subgroups of POR patients who have intrinsic resistance to ovarian stimulation medications and who are different from our study groups consisting of patients with poor ovarian reserve. Therefore, we were not able to establish recommendations for the CFA flare protocol for the wider population of patients with POR. Furthermore, we did not measure serum FSH, LH, E2 in the late follicular phase and progesterone levels. These may influence clinical pregnancy outcomes.

  An injection-lite approach to ovarian stimulation in poor responder patients using corifollitropin alfa and nasal GnRH agonist · 2026 · DOI

• This study presents compelling evidence that both genetic variants (notably SNP8 (rs3203358)) and spa- tial/demographic variables contribute to poor ovarian response in IVF patients. The use of landscape genetics, multivariate statistical models, and global population comparisons enabled a nuanced understanding of how genetic and environmental factors intersect to influence reproductive health. Our findings underscore the importance of: • SNP8 (rs3203358) as a candidate biomarker for POR • risk prediction in Iranian women.

  Genetic and spatial determinants of poor ovarian response: an integrative computational study · 2026 · DOI

• Future research should focus on well-de- signed, adequately powered randomized trials with standardized AMH assays, clearly defined DOR criteria, and longer follow-up durations.

  Influence of vitamin D supplementation on ovarian reserve as reflected by anti-Müllerian hormone levels: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials · 2026 · DOI

• Mendelian randomization pleiotropy was assessed using MR-EGGER intercept tests and I² heterogeneity metrics, but sensitivity analyses excluding variants with large individual causal estimates or variants mapping to pleiotropic loci were not described; additional pleiotropy robustness checks (e.g., weighted median, mode-based estimation) specific to PCOS hormonal and metabolic pathways are needed.

  Genomic analyses implicate hormonal and metabolic dysregulation in polycystic ovary syndrome · 2026 · DOI

• Only 81% of women in the IVF cohort achieved pregnancy, and a zero-inflation term was necessary to model the underdispersed cycle-to-pregnancy data; characterizing the clinical and genetic factors driving the 19% non-pregnancy group (treatment cessation without conception) would clarify PCOS-associated reproductive failure mechanisms.

  Genomic analyses implicate hormonal and metabolic dysregulation in polycystic ovary syndrome · 2026 · DOI

• The Danish IVF registry analysis split data into two time periods (1994–2005 and 2006–2018) due to changes in mandatory reporting requirements in 2005; investigating whether treatment protocols, medication formulations (Klomifen, HMG-FSH, GnRH-A), and outcome reporting standards differed systematically between periods and affected oocyte number and cycle outcomes would strengthen causal inference.

  Genomic analyses implicate hormonal and metabolic dysregulation in polycystic ovary syndrome · 2026 · DOI

• The Danish medical birth registry analysis was restricted to women born 1957–1973 who reached reproductive completion by age 45–61 years; extending this analysis to younger birth cohorts with ongoing reproductive histories would clarify whether PCOS genetic effects on completed family size persist across different reproductive windows.

  Genomic analyses implicate hormonal and metabolic dysregulation in polycystic ovary syndrome · 2026 · DOI

• The PCOS polygenic risk score (PRS) analysis in the Chinese Han ancestry cohort used imputation of missing genotypes as the reference allele for affected loci; validation of this imputation strategy's impact on PRS accuracy and its potential bias in non-European ancestry populations warrants investigation.

  Genomic analyses implicate hormonal and metabolic dysregulation in polycystic ovary syndrome · 2026 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Ovarian function and disorders

• The prevalence and phenotypic features of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis · Human Reproduction · 2016 · 1,257 citations
• Diagnosis and Management of Infertility · JAMA · 2021 · 1,082 citations
• Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women in China: a large community-based study · Human Reproduction · 2013 · 349 citations
• Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of euglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp studies · Human Reproduction · 2016 · 342 citations
• Testing and interpreting measures of ovarian reserve: a committee opinion · Fertility and Sterility · 2020 · 340 citations
• Recommendations from the 2023 International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome · Fertility and Sterility · 2023 · 314 citations
• Review article: The impact of obesity on reproduction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · 2006 · 280 citations
• Relative risk of conversion from normoglycaemia to impaired glucose tolerance or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in polycystic ovarian syndrome · Human Reproduction · 2001 · 260 citations
• The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a normal population according to the Rotterdam criteria versus revised criteria including anti-Mullerian hormone · Human Reproduction · 2014 · 254 citations
• Increased risk of early pregnancy loss by profound suppression of luteinizing hormone during ovarian stimulation in normogonadotrophic women undergoing assisted reproduction · Human Reproduction · 2000 · 235 citations

Most recent work

• Ovarian Cysts in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome · JAMA Internal Medicine · 2026
• Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome in adolescent patients · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · 2026
• High prevalence of poly cystic ovary syndrome among young Saudi medical students: an observational cross-sectional study · Frontiers in Medicine · 2026
• Genomic analyses implicate hormonal and metabolic dysregulation in polycystic ovary syndrome · Nature Genetics · 2026
• Letrozole-Assisted Ovulation Induction Combined with Lifestyle Modification in Women with PCOS: A Review · Journal of Education Health and Sport · 2026
• Interaction between triglyceride-glucose index and body mass index on pregnancy loss in Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · 2026
• A concept-enhanced, knowledge graph-guided framework for interpretable PCOS prediction: a case study in explainable biomedical artificial intelligence · Reproduction, Fertility and Development · 2026
• Association between the prevalence rates of circadian syndrome and infertility in US females: data from NHANES (2013–2018) · Middle East Fertility Society Journal · 2026
• EVOLVING CONCEPTS IN PCOS: DIAGNOSTIC INNOVATIONS AND NOVEL THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · 2026
• Protocol flexibility in PCOS: a combination of controlled ovarian stimulation and endometrial preparation strategies shows no impact on live birth outcomes after frozen embryo transfer—a retrospective cohort study · Gynecological Endocrinology · 2026

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