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Open research questions in Pediatric Urology and Nephrology Studies

88 gap statements mined from Pediatric Urology and Nephrology Studies papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 668 papers on the topic — drawn mostly from each paper's own stated research gap, future-work, challenge and limitation notes, and its abstract. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one.

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What the literature leaves open

  • There is a lack of studies comparing the long-term outcomes of different bulking agents. The existing literature is limited by small sample sizes and short follow-up periods.

    Permanent versus Biodegradable Bulking Agents for Paediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a need for studies comparing robot-assisted pyeloplasty with open and laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children. There is a lack of data on the cost-effectiveness of robot-assisted pyeloplasty in paediatric populations.

    Robot-Assisted Pyeloplasty in Children Compared with Open and Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty: Initial Results from Slovakia · 2026 · DOI

  • The need for individualized management approaches for MCDK. The need for long-term follow-up to prevent chronic kidney disease and other complications. The need for a comprehensive analysis of the cost-effectiveness of different management approaches.

    Fetal Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney and Its Effect on Post-natal Quality of Life: A Literature Review · 2026 · DOI

  • LESS versus conventional laparoscopy: cosmesis versus efficiency LESS has been explored to optimize cosmesis by minimizing visible scars, but its incremental clinical benefit over standard laparoscopy remains debated.

    What is the optimal approach to pediatric nephrectomy? Open versus minimally invasive surgery: A narrative review · 2026 · DOI

  • Need to improve the cost-effectiveness of surgeries. Need to reduce the workload without compromising diagnostic safety.

    Cost and benefit analysis of routine histopathological examination of the pelviureteric junction in pediatric pyeloplasty · 2026 · DOI

  • The significance of HPE of pelviureteric junction in pyeloplasty has rarely been assessed in English literature. There is a need to analyze the cost and benefit of routine histopathological examination.

    Cost and benefit analysis of routine histopathological examination of the pelviureteric junction in pediatric pyeloplasty · 2026 · DOI

  • Limited data on comparative studies in transitional urology population. High rates of complications, such as wound infection and venous thromboembolism.

    Surgical Considerations for the Transitional Urologist · 2026 · DOI

  • Comparative studies in transitional urology population are lacking. Longer-term, larger population-based data is necessary to support superiority of one technique over another.

    Surgical Considerations for the Transitional Urologist · 2026 · DOI

  • The limited diagnostic yield of urinary tract ultrasound for certain anomalies. The lack of a uniform time point for the US examination in relation to the UTI.

    Diagnostic yield of urinary tract ultrasound in children following a first urinary tract infection: a retrospective cohort study · 2026 · DOI

  • Follow‐up RBUS abnormalities (bladder wall thickening/irregularity, ureteral dilatation, and reported renal scarring) were most frequent in delayed CIC infants; however, these findings are limited by longer imaging follow‐up and likely confounded by indication.

    Institutional Outcomes of Immediate vs Delayed or No Clean Intermittent Catheterization in Infant Neurogenic Bladder · 2026 · DOI

  • Timing of clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) in infants with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) remains uncertain.

    Institutional Outcomes of Immediate vs Delayed or No Clean Intermittent Catheterization in Infant Neurogenic Bladder · 2026 · DOI

  • One limitation of this report is that we could not explain the patient’s subjective complaints, such as abdominal pain or urodynia, owing to his declining cognitive abilities. Specific CT findings of “urinary diarrhea” have not been elucidated owing to the rarity of this condition.

    Intractable Diarrhea due to Enterovesical Fistula Caused by Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection with Bladder Outlet Obstruction: A Rare Clinical Presentation of "Urinary Diarrhea" · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should focus on prospective multicenter validation studies and integration of advanced ultrasound techniques and artificial intelligence-based prediction models to further refine non-invasive risk stratification strategies for pediatric VUR.

    Predictive value of ultrasound findings for high-grade vesicoureteral reflux in children: a retrospective cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabia · 2026 · DOI

  • The study did not undertake a formal hypothesis-testing sample size calculation. No participants consented to randomisation involving SPA. The study had a limited sample size.

    Determining the feasibility of randomising infants, children and young people to invasive and non-invasive urine sampling techniques · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of evidence on the feasibility of randomising children to invasive and non-invasive urine sampling techniques. There is a need for further research on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different urine sampling methods in children.

    Determining the feasibility of randomising infants, children and young people to invasive and non-invasive urine sampling techniques · 2026 · DOI

  • Delayed recognition of clot formation may result in prolonged hematuria, urinary retention, and increased need for invasive interventions. Given the observed role of measurable clot on ultrasound in predicting progression to operative intervention, future research should seek to identify predictive measures for clot formation.

    A bladder matter: redefining the grading system for pediatric hemorrhagic cystitis · 2026 · DOI

  • WHAT IS KNOWN: Previous studies have reported the prevalence and persistence of haematuria and/or proteinuria in school-age children, but data on haematuria and/or proteinuria in neonates are scarce.

    Frequency and short-term persistence of haematuria and/or proteinuria in neonates: a cohort study · 2026 · DOI

  • Circumcision significantly reduced fUTI recurrence in boys with grade III-V primary VUR and may represent an important component of conservative management in this high-risk population, whereas the added value of CAP remains uncertain.

    Circumcision and continuous antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing recurrent febrile urinary tract infection in boys with high-grade vesicoureteral reflux · 2026 · DOI

  • Whilst a few studies have explored healthcare workers' views on using POCTs in paediatric febrile illness, little is known about the perspectives of children and young people (CYP) who may undergo these tests.

    Acceptability of novel point-of-care tests for paediatric febrile illness in the emergency department: a qualitative analysis of views from children and young people in England · 2026 · DOI

  • However, there are limited studies in non–children’s hospital EDs or when using the AAP recommended combination of IMs when PCT is not available: maximum temperature (Tmax), ANC, and C-reactive protein (CRP).

    Inflammatory Markers and Invasive Bacterial Infection in Febrile Infants With Positive Urinalyses · 2025 · DOI

  • Multicystic dysplastic kidney disease (MCDK) is a notable congenital anomaly of the kidney and urinary tract, with potential risk for chronic kidney disease, yet data from sub-Saharan Africa remain scarce.

    Paediatric multicystic dysplastic kidney disease in Cape Town, South Africa · 2025 · DOI

  • School-based urinary screening should not rely on a single positive dipstick result. A staged strategy should begin with properly collected early-morning urine and repeat testing of abnormal results. Children with persistent hematuria, proteinuria, pyuria or combined abnormalities should undergo blood-pressure assessment and appropriate confirmatory investigations.

    Prevalence and patterns of asymptomatic urinary abnormalities among school children: a prospective cross-sectional screening study. · 2026 · DOI

  • Ureteral duplication is among the most common congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract; however, asymmetrical bilateral ureteral duplication, characterized by complete duplication on one side and incomplete duplication on the contralateral side, has rarely been reported.

    Asymmetrical bilateral ureteral duplication: a cadaveric case report illustrating the clinical implications of a rare congenital urinary tract anomaly · 2026 · DOI

  • Hoberman et al demonstrated that nearly all (14/15) patients in one study who had positive urine cultures without pyuria lacked evidence of pyelonephritis on DMSA scan.

    Looking Beyond the Imperfect Sensitivity of Pyuria for the Detection of Positive Urine Cultures · 2025 · DOI

  • While the sensitivity of trace leukocyte esterase did seem high in our data set, we cannot endorse it because (1) this finding has not been replicated in other studies, (2) its accuracy might be lower in outpatient settings where automation is not generally available and most UTIs are diagnosed, and (3) its performance in unselected samples was much lower (see tables in supplement).

    Reevaluating the Balance Between Overtreatment and Misdiagnosis · 2025 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Pediatric Urology and Nephrology Studies

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Open questions raised by papers listed on this page include: (1) There is a lack of studies comparing the long-term outcomes of different bulking agents (“Permanent versus Biodegradable Bulking Agents for Paediatric Vesicoureteral…”, 2026); (2) There is a need for studies comparing robot-assisted pyeloplasty with open and laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children (“Robot-Assisted Pyeloplasty in Children Compared with Open and Laparoscopic…”, 2026); (3) There is a need to analyze the cost and benefit of routine histopathological examination (“Cost and benefit analysis of routine histopathological examination of the…”, 2026); (4) Comparative studies in transitional urology population are lacking (“Surgical Considerations for the Transitional Urologist”, 2026); (5) Specific CT findings of “urinary diarrhea” have not been elucidated owing to the rarity of this condition (“Intractable Diarrhea due to Enterovesical Fistula Caused by Recurrent Urinary…”, 2026). 88 gap statements have been mined from Pediatric Urology and Nephrology Studies papers in our 4.5M-paper local library, which holds 668 papers on the topic; the gaps come from whichever of those papers state one. They are mostly the research gaps the authors state and the papers' abstracts, plus future-work, limitations and challenges passages. The ones listed below are a selection still marked open; each names the study that raised it, with a DOI link where the paper has one, so you can read the original claim in context.

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