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Open research questions in Pregnancy and Medication Impact

130 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 790 Pregnancy and Medication Impact papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • However, the correlation between different onset times of the diseases and pregnancy outcomes remains unclear.

    Pregnancy characteristics in patients with autoimmune diseases with different onset times and their relationship with pregnancy outcomes · 2026 · DOI

  • INTRODUCTION: Exposure to potentially teratogenic medications during pregnancy is underinvestigated in Switzerland.

    Exposure to potentially teratogenic medications before and during the first trimester of pregnancy compared to women of childbearing age: A retrospective analysis of Swiss claims data (2015–2021) · 2025 · DOI

  • [1] on the possible preventive effect of metformin against hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) provides rare, population-level insight into an under-studied condition.

    Metformin and Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Reframing a Metabolic Disorder Through the Lens of Placental Adaptation · 2025 · DOI

  • It remains unknown whether these changes translate to clinically meaningful adaptation or merely represent parallel pharmacologic effects.

    Metformin and Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Reframing a Metabolic Disorder Through the Lens of Placental Adaptation · 2025 · DOI

  • CONCLUSIONS: This scoping review has identified the need for further research on approaches to care provision for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum.

    A scoping review of models of care and services for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum · 2025 · DOI

  • Research priorities for hyperemesis gravidarum have been established, however little is known about the current landscape of literature on the health and social care provided to affected women.

    A scoping review of models of care and services for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum · 2025 · DOI

  • However, it remains to be determined whether ultrasound evaluation of fetal thymus size can help predict perinatal outcomes in diabetic women.

    Gestational diabetes and its effect on fetal thymus size: a case–control study · 2025 · DOI

  • Valproate was consistently associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, whereas the results for other medications were sparse and conflicting.

    Prenatal exposure to psychotropics and analgesics on cognitive, linguistic and educational outcomes – a scoping review with focus on validity and reliability of outcome measures · 2025 · DOI

  • CONCLUSION: Except for valproate, there is a concerning lack of studies on the impact of prenatal exposure to psychotropics and analgesics on cognitive, linguistic, and educational outcomes with existing studies yielding inconsistent findings.

    Prenatal exposure to psychotropics and analgesics on cognitive, linguistic and educational outcomes – a scoping review with focus on validity and reliability of outcome measures · 2025 · DOI

  • BACKGROUND: Limited research exists on the challenges women diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) can face during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and if breastfeeding affects disease related factors.

    Breastfeeding in women with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results from a Norwegian quality register · 2025 · DOI

  • BACKGROUND: Exposure to antibiotics during pregnancy is frequent, despite the limited evidence derived from clinical trials.

    Real-world antibiotic utilization during pregnancy in Italy: a multiregional retrospective population-based study · 2025 · DOI

  • Introduction: Limited knowledge exists regarding the impact of paternal smoking and alcohol exposure on the development of allergic rhinitis in offspring.

    Unveiling the hidden risk: paternal smoking and alcohol exposure prior to conception as independent factors for allergic rhinitis in children · 2024 · DOI

  • However, the pathologies underlying NVP and HG and their associated loci are scarce.

    Genome-wide association study of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy in Japan: the TMM BirThree Cohort Study · 2024 · DOI

  • CONCLUSIONS: Despite the gaps in knowledge about herb pharmacology, CPs demonstrated acceptable knowledge and practice regarding drug safety during pregnancy.

    Knowledge and practice of community pharmacists regarding the safety of drugs during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study from a developing country · 2024 · DOI

  • BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence of bidirectional associations between rheumatoid arthritis and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) in observational studies, but little is known about the causal direction of these associations.

    Rheumatoid arthritis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study · 2024 · DOI

  • Although this disease is not rare amongst women of reproductive age, data regarding pregnancy outcomes have demonstrated conflicting results.

    Obstetric and neonatal outcomes in women with Ankylosing spondylitis - an evaluation of a population database · 2024 · DOI

  • OBJECTIVES: The medications used for autoimmune diseases have significantly evolved in recent years, but there is limited knowledge about how treatment practices changed during pregnancy.

    Trends in medications for autoimmune disorders during pregnancy and factors for their discontinuation: a population-based study · 2024 · DOI

  • Importance: Transplant recipients experience high rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, contemporary estimates of the association between solid organ transplantation and adverse pregnancy outcomes are lacking.

    Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients · 2024 · DOI

  • There is a lack of comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of non-pharmaceutical Chinese medical therapies for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. There is a need to evaluate the certainty of evidence using the GRADE criteria.

    Non-pharmaceutical Chinese Medical Therapies for Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of harmonized guidance on a priority list of outcomes for non-interventional safety studies in pregnancy. The current variation in outcomes measured across studies limits comparability and creates inefficiencies in study conduct.

    Outcomes of post-approval non-interventional safety studies in pregnancy: wide variation demonstrates need for further standardization · 2026 · DOI

  • The following limitations should be considered when reviewing the conclusions from this work. First, the sample size of total studies evaluated was small, and subgroups of these studies were even smaller. There were only 30 applicable studies and therefore these studies may not be representative of the entire body of post-marketing pregnancy safety studies. Further there were only 4 FDA studies done before 2019 and 4 vaccine studies overall, which made it difficult to draw conclusions for some assessments. The small sample size of total studies may be caused by a few factors: (1) Not all studies in the HMA-EMA catalogue were included due to a lack of a publicly available protocol, which limited our review. It is possible that studies that included a publicly available protocol may have been different from studies that did not. However, a protocol was required to identify all the study outcomes for this analysis. (2) The studies included in this review relied on the built-in filters on the HMA-EMA catalogue. If a study measured pregnancy outcomes in the pregnant population but was not properly labeled as such in the catalogue, it may have been excluded based on the filters applied in Figure 1. It is possible that other technical issues within the site may have provided a smaller sample size than intended. (3) This review excluded data from spontaneous case reports which may have omitted several studies and their outcomes. This criterion was necessary to restrict to studies with pre-defined outcomes. Studies using spontaneous case report data often are designed to report any adverse outcome occurring in pregnancy and thus the outcomes that are summarized in the final report are determined by the outcomes observed in the reported cases, rather than a predefined outcome list. (4) Sponsors may have variations in their policies regarding whether a study needs to be registered in the the EMA requires all post- HMA-EMA catalogue.

    Outcomes of post-approval non-interventional safety studies in pregnancy: wide variation demonstrates need for further standardization · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should investigate the incidence and prevalence of thiamine deficiency-related neuropathy in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum. Further studies should examine the effectiveness of different rehabilitation programs in improving functional outcomes in patients with thiamine deficiency-related neuropathy.

    Dry Beriberi During Pregnancy After Hyperemesis Gravidarum: A Case Report of Axonal Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of awareness about the risk of thiamine deficiency in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum. There is a need for further research on the effectiveness of structured multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs in treating thiamine deficiency-related neuropathy.

    Dry Beriberi During Pregnancy After Hyperemesis Gravidarum: A Case Report of Axonal Sensorimotor Polyneuropathy · 2026 · DOI

  • The use of black box models can be a limitation due to the lack of control and potential biases. The need for more data is a limitation of using AI to close the evidence gap. The opacity of certain artificial intelligence models is a concern.

    How Machine Learning Can Help Close Evidence Gaps for Drug Safety in Pregnant Women · 2026 · DOI

  • The exclusion of pregnant women from clinical research leaves a significant evidence gap for drug safety. The current methods for determining medication safety in pregnant women are limited.

    How Machine Learning Can Help Close Evidence Gaps for Drug Safety in Pregnant Women · 2026 · DOI

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130 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 790 Pregnancy and Medication Impact papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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