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Open research questions in Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management

740 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 3,899 Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • The complexity of capturing the multidimensional nature of perceived attractiveness. The challenge of developing a systematic definition and established theoretical framework for the core construct 'perceived attractiveness of marathon events'. The need for a rigorous and scientific framework to integrate empirical observation with theoretical abstraction.

    The multidimensional attractiveness of marathon events: how self-efficacy bridges perception to participation · 2025 · DOI

  • Limited research has explored how individuals perceive the attractiveness of marathon events. The absence of a systematic definition or established theoretical framework for the core construct 'perceived attractiveness of marathon events'. The need for a deeper understanding of the psychological mechanisms through which perceived attractiveness influences individuals' intention to participate.

    The multidimensional attractiveness of marathon events: how self-efficacy bridges perception to participation · 2025 · DOI

  • Investigate the mechanisms underlying the relationship between leisure activities and subjective happiness. Examine the effects of different types of leisure activities on subjective happiness. Explore the relationship between leisure activities and subjective happiness in different cultural contexts.

    Longitudinal associations between leisure activities and subjective happiness among middle-aged and older adults people in China: national cohort study · 2024 · DOI

  • The gap in understanding the relationship between leisure activities and subjective happiness among middle-aged and older adults. The lack of longitudinal studies examining the relationship between leisure activities and subjective well-being. The need to explore the influence of leisure activities on subjective happiness in the context of an aging society.

    Longitudinal associations between leisure activities and subjective happiness among middle-aged and older adults people in China: national cohort study · 2024 · DOI

  • While previous research examined the perspectives of parents, professionals and children regarding inclusive outdoor play, little is known about actual outdoor play behaviour.

    Can You See Us Play? Observing Inclusive Outdoor Play Behaviour Among Children With and Without Disabilities: A Mixed Methods Study · 2025 · DOI

  • Yet, results of the study need to be interpreted with caution and need to be replicated.

    The effect of recreational games on happiness, life satisfaction, loneliness, and somatisation in elderly individuals: a non-randomized controlled trial · 2025 · DOI

  • However, little is known about priority populations' experiences of these venues and their views of how accessibility and inclusion can be optimised.

    Priority populations’ experiences of the accessibility and inclusion of recreation centres: a qualitative study · 2024 · DOI

  • The impact of free time management and leisure satisfaction on quality of life is distinct, however, the role of satisfaction in enhancing quality of life through free time management remains uncertain.

    University students’ free time management and quality of life: the mediating role of leisure satisfaction · 2024 · DOI

  • However, little is known about which of these factors is a major factor in youth's happiness.

    Determinants of the happiness of adolescents: A leisure perspective · 2024 · DOI

  • Although the generalizability of the empirical findings is limited by sample size and measurement specification, the findings do demonstrate differences in the relative impor- tance of various factors influencing perceived crowding in an urban setting when com- pared to previous research findings from more remote, resource-based settings.

    Perceived crowding in recreation settings: An urban case study · 1987 · DOI

  • The hot climate in Saudi Arabia reduces families' tolerance for outdoor heat. The lack of suitable outdoor play spaces in urban areas. The need to engage mothers in the planning, designing, and managing of public green spaces.

    Analyzing the Impact of the Urban Lifestyle on Children’s Outdoor Play Activity in Saudi Arabia · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a gap in Saudi early childhood research using narrative enquiry, particularly from the mother's perspective. The study aims to fill this gap by investigating the impact of urban lifestyle on children's outdoor play activities.

    Analyzing the Impact of the Urban Lifestyle on Children’s Outdoor Play Activity in Saudi Arabia · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should continue to explore the relationship between gender roles and recreational participation among Africans from an Afrocentric perspective. Studies should examine the impact of colonial and global influences on traditional African societies and recreational participation.

    The influence of gender roles on a recreational participation among the Africans: Literature review from an Afrocentric lens · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper identifies a gap in the existing literature on the topic of gender roles and recreational participation among Africans from an Afrocentric perspective. The study highlights the need to challenge dominant Western paradigms and promote Afrocentric perspectives in the field of recreational studies.

    The influence of gender roles on a recreational participation among the Africans: Literature review from an Afrocentric lens · 2026 · DOI

  • The study identifies a gap in understanding how visitors interact with NPs environments and how their knowledge, attitudes, and activities can influence conservation outcomes. The research highlights the need for more effective conservation strategies in protected areas.

    Does Visitor Knowledge of Forest-based Ecosystem Services Reflect Distinct Behavioral Profiles? A Visitor Segmentation Analysis in Gunung CiremaiNational Park, Indonesia · 2026 · DOI

  • The lack of empirical foundation for the 10% guideline. The need for a more nuanced approach to pack weight calculation that takes into account individual differences in body composition.

    The Truncation Error: How Half a Century of Misquoted Research Created a Flawed Standard for Recreational Pack Weight · 2026 · DOI

  • This study has several important limitations that constrain the strength of its conclusions. First, this paper represents a literature synthesis and mathematical modeling exercise, not an empirical study. The 7.7%/8.3% pairing is the output of parametric optimization within a modeled environment; it has not been validated against field data from actual trekkers. Second, the foundational load-carriage studies (Knapik et al., 1996; Birrell et al., 2007; Haisman, 1988) were conducted primarily on young military-age male subjects. Extrapolation of THE TRUNCATION ERROR 22 their findings to middle-aged and older recreational trekkers of both sexes introduces populationvalidity uncertainty that cannot be quantified without age-stratified load-carriage research. Third, the IBW formulas used as anchor calculations were derived from predominantly white, middle-class American and European populations from specific historical periods (1960s– 1980s Metropolitan Life Insurance data). Their applicability across ethnic groups, body types, and contemporary population distributions is limited (Shah et al., 2006; Peterson et al., 2016). Fourth, the framework does not account for terrain type, elevation profile, ambient temperature, pack design and fit characteristics, or individual fitness level—all of which affect the relationship between pack weight and biomechanical stress. The interaction of walking slope and load on lumbar joint contact forces documented by Sturdy et al. (2025) is particularly relevant for pilgrimage routes with significant elevation changes. Fifth, the model-derived consistency scores reported in preliminary iterations of this work are internal measures of how well candidate percentage pairs maintain sort-order integrity across the height-weight spectrum. They should not be interpreted as clinical reliability statistics or compared to reliability coefficients from empirical psychometric or clinical studies. Sixth, sample sizes in some cited studies are small (e.g., Shymon et al., 2014, N=6 for spinal ROM under load; Liang, 2024, N=30; Siragy et al., 2024), limiting the precision of threshold estimates derived from those studies. PHASE 2: PROPOSED EMPIRICAL VALIDATION PROTOCOL THE TRUNCATION ERROR 23 The theoretical framework presented in this paper generates a testable prediction: that when recreational trekkers on the Camino de Santiago self-optimize their pack weight through trial and field experience, the resulting final pack weights will cluster in a range corresponding to approximately 7.7–8.3% of actual body weight for the median participant.

    The Truncation Error: How Half a Century of Misquoted Research Created a Flawed Standard for Recreational Pack Weight · 2026 · DOI

  • The paper identifies a gap in the understanding of the role of leisure in shaping military families' identities and social status. It highlights the need for further research on the topic of military families and leisure practices.

    The endless summer: politics and aesthetics of leisure among military families in Turkey · 2026 · DOI

  • The study identifies the challenges of navigating leisure constraints in transitional contexts. The research highlights the challenges of promoting youth well-being in societies with limited resources.

    Leisure Spending Patterns of Youth in Semnan Province: A Qualitative Study · 2026 · DOI

  • The study is limited to Semnan Province, Iran. The sample size is 35 in-depth, semi-structured interviews.

    Leisure Spending Patterns of Youth in Semnan Province: A Qualitative Study · 2026 · DOI

  • Further research could explore the concept of embodied deceleration in other contexts. The study's findings could be used to inform the development of slow tourism experiences, and further research could evaluate their effectiveness.

    On the slow train: tourists’ experiences of deceleration · 2026 · DOI

  • There is a lack of understanding of slow experiences of travel undertaken within holiday time. Prior research has focused on rapid travel, with limited attention to slow mobilities.

    On the slow train: tourists’ experiences of deceleration · 2026 · DOI

  • The book identifies a gap in the field of retirement studies, particularly in the analysis of pension schemes and their impact on adults in later life.

    Book Review: The Future of Leisure and Retirement: Pension Schemes, Community Support, and Contemporary Consequences for the Next Generation. · 2026 · DOI

  • The study faces challenges related to the use of a non-probability sampling technique. The research also faces challenges related to the limited sample size.

    Environmental Concern and Consumption Behaviours among Eco-Recreationists: A Demographic Segmentation Application for Outdoor Sports Participants · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research should investigate the relationships between outdoor sports, environmental concern, and environmentally conscious consumer behaviour in different contexts. The study's findings can be replicated in other populations to increase generalizability. Future research can also explore the development of targeted marketing strategies for environmentally friendly products.

    Environmental Concern and Consumption Behaviours among Eco-Recreationists: A Demographic Segmentation Application for Outdoor Sports Participants · 2026 · DOI

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740 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 3,899 Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management papers in our library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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