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Open research questions in Transplantation: Methods and Outcomes

97 unresolved questions extracted from the limitations and future-work sections of 337 Transplantation: Methods and Outcomes papers in our library. Each links back to the study that raised it.

What the literature leaves open

  • larger studies to confirm the efficacy of belatacept-based immunosuppression in SHKT, - comparison of belatacept-based immunosuppression with other immunosuppressive regimens in SHKT, - investigation of the optimal timing and dosing of belatacept in SHKT, - study of the long-term outcomes of SHKT recipients treated with belatacept-based immunosuppression

    Case Report: Kidney allograft recovery after conversion to belatacept-based immunosuppression in simultaneous heart–kidney transplantation · 2026 · DOI

  • substantial cross-over in one study, - inconsistent results in several retrospective studies, - limited interpretation of findings due to small sample sizes, - lack of high-quality clinical trials, - current data are inconclusive in demonstrating benefits of certain treatments

    European society for organ transplantation clinical practice guideline on prevention and treatment of chronic lung allograft dysfunction · 2026 · DOI

  • Limited understanding of CLAD pathogenesis and risk factors. Lack of high-quality clinical trials and standardized care pathways in CLAD management.

    European society for organ transplantation clinical practice guideline on prevention and treatment of chronic lung allograft dysfunction · 2026 · DOI

  • The study spanned a long period, from 2015 to 2025, which may have introduced variability in clinical practice and guideline recommendations. The study excluded patients with extensive missing baseline information, which may have introduced selection bias. The study used standard C-reactive protein measurements, rather than high-sensitivity CRP, which may have limited the sensitivity of the CALLY index.

    The C-reactive protein–albumin–lymphocyte index is associated with ventricular functional improvement and long-term outcomes after cardiac resynchronization therapy · 2026 · DOI

  • further evaluation of the association between the CALLY index and MACE, - investigation of the CALLY index in other patient populations, - assessment of the CALLY index as a predictor of clinical outcomes

    The C-reactive protein–albumin–lymphocyte index is associated with ventricular functional improvement and long-term outcomes after cardiac resynchronization therapy · 2026 · DOI

  • Investigate the longitudinal relationships between social support, uncertainty in illness, and QoL in heart transplant recipients - Examine the role of cultural factors in shaping the relationships between social support, uncertainty in illness, and QoL - Develop and test interventions aimed at enhancing social support and resilience in heart transplant recipients

    Social support and quality of life in Chinese heart transplant recipients: mediation through uncertainty in illness and moderation by psychological resilience · 2025 · DOI

  • The unclear relationship between social support and quality of life in Chinese heart transplant recipients. The limited understanding of the mechanisms linking social support to quality of life in this population. The need for a culturally embedded framework to examine the relationship between social support and quality of life.

    Social support and quality of life in Chinese heart transplant recipients: mediation through uncertainty in illness and moderation by psychological resilience · 2025 · DOI

  • There is a lack of research addressing inter-individual quality of life variability among lung transplant recipients. Prior studies have focused on the overall quality of life among lung transplant recipients, rather than identifying distinct profiles.

    Quality of life and its association with predictors in lung transplant recipients: a latent profile analysis · 2024 · DOI

  • Interestingly, this effect was limited to the grafted tissue without reciprocal effects on systemic biological age of the recipient.

    Transplanted hearts assimilate the recipient's biological age · 2026 · DOI

  • Emerging evidence supports catheter ablation in select cases, although data remain limited.

    Management of Post-heart Transplant Atrial Fibrillation · 2026 · DOI

  • In contrast, evidence supporting non-invasive biomarker use in CAV remains sparse.

    From rejection to vasculopathy: a review of non-invasive biomarkers in alloimmune responses in heart transplantation · 2026 · DOI

  • Future research may investigate use in diverse clinical settings, including donation after circulatory death and paediatric transplantation.

    Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion versus standard treatment of donor hearts in heart transplantation: extended follow-up of the NIHP2019 trial · 2026 · DOI

  • Abstract The underlying mechanisms of exosomes in chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) remain poorly understood.

    An integrated multiomic single-vesicle atlas delineates graft exosome heterogeneity in chronic lung allograft dysfunction · 2026 · DOI

  • Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) has been proven to safely preserve donor hearts, yet its underlying molecular mechanisms have not been extensively evaluated.

    Ex Vivo Hypothermic Perfusion Enables 48‐Hour Heart Preservation and Bench‐Top Functional Recovery via Normothermic Reperfusion in a Porcine Model · 2026 · DOI

  • Lung transplant recipients may be particularly susceptible to frailty, yet its impact on longitudinal pulmonary function improvement after transplantation remains poorly understood.

    Frailty and longitudinal pulmonary function trajectories in lung transplant recipients · 2026 · DOI

  • However, it remains unclear if central (cVA-ECMO) or peripheral (pVA-ECMO) cannulation routes yield better outcomes in postoperative prognosis.

    The comparative impact of central vs. peripheral VA-ECMO cannulation on postoperative graft dysfunction in lung transplantation: a retrospective analysis · 2025 · DOI

  • Despite these breakthroughs, studies applying these technologies to CAV remain sparse, limiting the translation of these insights into clinical practice.

    Decoding immune cell interactions during cardiac allograft vasculopathy: insights derived from bioinformatic strategies · 2025 · DOI

  • Unlike atherosclerosis, CAV exhibits a distinct cellular composition and lesion distribution, yet its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood.

    Decoding immune cell interactions during cardiac allograft vasculopathy: insights derived from bioinformatic strategies · 2025 · DOI

  • Abstract Description A recent study highlights a significant links between allogeneic blood transfusions (allo-BT) and primary graft dysfunction (PGD) following lung transplantation, though the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

    Impact of Allogeneic Blood Transfusion on Primary Graft Dysfunction and Immune Modulation in Lung Transplantation 2350 · 2025 · DOI

  • Although recent work has evaluated the impact of the revised allocation systems on mechanical circulatory support practices and waitlist outcomes, there are limited data that focus more specifically on the impact of the allocation changes on patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) or cardiomyopathy and how these relationships might differ in pediatric and adult patients.

    Impact of Heart Transplant Allocation Changes on Waitlist Mortality and Clinical Practice in Pediatric and Adult Patients With Congenital Heart Disease and Cardiomyopathy · 2025 · DOI

  • Background Prior studies have reported conflicting evidence on racial disparities in heart transplant outcomes, often focusing only on short‐term mortality rates.

    Racial Disparities in Heart Transplantation: Long‐Term Graft Survival and Nonmortality Outcomes · 2025 · DOI

  • However, these results are conflicting, with some sites having positive results while others reported worse survival and incidences of graft failure [13][14][15][16] .

    Risk prediction models of primary graft dysfunction in cardiac transplant patients: a need to improve? · 2024 · DOI

  • PGD is affected by numerous variables and remains poorly understood especially under the changing patterns of organ procurement and the more recent use of DCD hearts.

    Risk prediction models of primary graft dysfunction in cardiac transplant patients: a need to improve? · 2024 · DOI

  • IL-10 is known for its immunoregulatory function, although its specific role in lung allograft rejection remains unclear.

    IL-10 Is Critical for Regulation of Cytotoxic CD4+NKG7+ T Cells in Lung Allograft Rejection but Is Not Required for Allograft Acceptance · 2024 · DOI

  • Further in vivo testing is warranted to determine the potential clinical application of adding THs as therapeutics in lung preservation solutions.

    Thyroid hormone protects human lung epithelial cells from cold preservation and warm reperfusion-induced injury · 2024 · DOI

Most-cited papers in Transplantation: Methods and Outcomes

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97 open questions have been extracted from the limitations and future-work passages of 337 Transplantation: Methods and Outcomes papers in our 4.5M-paper local library. Each one below links back to the study that raised it, so you can read the original claim in context.

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